efficiency of an advanced sono-photo electro kinetic process in the removal of furfural from the saline effluent of a refinery using titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio2)

Furfural, having aromatic ring structure, is used in many industries. due to its chemical and toxic properties, furfural is one of the important sources of pollution in natural ecosystems. removal of furfural from refinery saline wastewater is done using physical, chemical, and biological purification methods. sono-photocatalytic decomposition methods are of interest to researchers due to rapid oxidation, stable destruction of polymer bonds, no formation of cyclic products, and production of biocompatible products. the basis of advanced oxidation processes is the production of hydroxyl radicals. nanocatalysts increase the production of hydroxyl radicals. the purpose of this research was the purification of sono- photo- electro kinetic of furfural salt refinery (- spek -) using electro graphite catalysts modified with titanium nanoparticles. this experimental study was carried out in a batch reactor with a volume of 300 mg/l. the current research aimed to investigate the effect of furfural concentration variables (50,100,200 and 300 mg/l) in the range of reaction times (60, 120, 10 and 240 minutes) and explore the effect of the ratio of the surface layer coverage to the length of electrographite. the results of the research showed (1:50, 1:75, and 1:100) that in optimal ph conditions, the ratio of the coating layer containing nanoparticles to the length of the electrographite surface was 1:75 regarding the electrolysis power of 4 volts. moreover, the intensity of the photolysis effect, the intensity of the sonolysis effect with 300 watts of radiation in different concentrations (50,100,200, and 300 mg/l), and the removal efficiency of furfural and cod in the concentration of 300 mg/l were 95.28, and 94.97 respectively, in 4 hours. the results of this study showed that the advanced sono-photo-electro kinetic purification process was a desirable process with high performance and it had the lowest biological margin.