a biodiesel production from waste cooking oil by employing heterogeneous base catalysts supported on discarded glass as waste materials

Biodiesel production faces challenges due to high raw material costs, a significant obstacle to its development as an alternative to traditional diesel. this study investigates biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using inexpensive catalysts like cao on discarded glass and potassium hydroxide on discarded glass. experiments showed over 90% and 97% purity, respectively, using catalysts like cao/dg and koh/dg in a glass reactor, with the highest purity achieved with 20 wt.% and 25 wt.% loading of these catalysts on discarded glass. the high cost of raw materials hinders biodiesel production, but the use of these catalysts offers a viable alternative to diesel fuels.