improving the evaporation rate of hemispherical solar still yield using micro/nano-particles of copper oxide: energy, exergy, and cost-effective analysis

In this investigation, hemispherical solar still (hss) with micro/nano-particles of copper oxide (cuo) with various proportions (1, 2, and 3‰) were carried out. three solar stills (ss) have been constructed and experimented such as (i) hss, (ii) modified hss (mhss) that has micro-particles of cuo (mhss – 1, 2, and 3‰ m-p of cuo) and (iii) mhss that has nano-particles of cuo (mhss – 1, 2 and 3‰ n-p of cuo). from the experimental results by adding n-p of cuo at proportions of 1‰, 2‰, and 3‰ in the hss, the yield of 5.28, 5.92, and 6.75 kg/m2/day has been noticed. on the other hand, when using the m-p of cuo, the mhss yield is equal to 4.38, 4.82, and 5.43 kg/m2/day for proportions equal to 1, 2, and 3‰, individually. however the highest yield of the hss was 2.98 kg/m2/day. additionally, the diurnal rise in yield of 77.18, 98.65, and 126.51% are obtained when using the n-p of cuo at the proportions of 1, 2, and 3‰, respectively, as related to hss. by utilizing m-p of cuo, the diurnal increase in yield reaches only 46.98, 61.74, and 82.21% for the proportions of 1‰, 2‰, and 3‰, respectively as connected to the hss.