preparation and characterization of biobriquettes from coconut shell, nutmeg shell, and canary shell waste in north maluku, indonesia

North maluku is an area with rich agricultural properties, including coconut, nutmeg, and canary. these waste materials have the potential to be used as alternative sources of energy. these shell wastes can be used to produce bio-briquettes, as a potential source of carbon for the production of activated carbon, and as biofuel. there is a lack of research on the characterization of biobriquettes made from shell waste. this study aims to characterize biobriquettes made from coconut shells, nutmeg shells, and canary shell waste in north maluku, indonesia. the study was conducted to evaluate the potential of these waste materials as alternative sources of energy. biobriquettes were formulated using cassava flour as a binder. the shapes of the briquettes were produced in cube and cylinder sizes. the biobriquettes were characterized based on their physical and chemical properties, including calorific value, ash content, moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon. the results showed that ft-ir spectrophotometry analysis revealed higher hydroxyl groups in nutmeg shells, while coconut and canary shells had similar hydrocarbon levels. the carbonization and the powdering efficiency of coconut shells, nutmeg shells, and canary shell biobriquettes vary. nutmeg shell biobriquettes yield the highest at 80%, while coconut shell biobriquettes yield 78%. neem shell biobriquettes have a slightly lower yield of 90%. cylindrical, cube-shaped, and cylindrical biobriquettes exhibit consistent weights and white ash production, indicating efficient combustion. in conclusion, the data from the proximate analysis and comparison with sni standard no. 1/6235/2000 revealed that all biobriquettes fulfill or surpass the standard’s requirements for moisture, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile matter.