a comprehensive review of nanoparticle incorporation in construction and architecture materials: impacts on properties, performance, and sustainability

Over the past two decades, there has been a rapid growth of research on nanotechnology in construction materials. this study presents a timely and comprehensive review that focuses on investigating the effects of incorporating various nanoparticles into cementitious, polymeric, and composite materials commonly used in the construction and architecture sectors. the primary objective is to critically analyze the potential benefits and limitations associated with the addition of nanoparticles, particularly in enhancing mechanical performance, durability, functionality, and sustainability. the study methodology involves an extensive analysis of published literature on nanoparticles applied in construction materials. the impact of nanomaterials on properties, including compressive strength, fracture toughness, stiffness, self-sensing capability, resistance to environmental degradation, antimicrobial effects, and recyclability is thoroughly examined. the findings reveal significant progress in demonstrating the capabilities of nanomaterials in tailoring the properties of cementitious composites, coatings, and plastics. however, challenges persist in such areas as dispersion, agglomeration, predicting long-term performance, toxicity evaluation, and feasibility assessment. recommendations are provided, which focus on evaluating durability under in-service conditions, developing sustainable manufacturing methods, and establishing standardized protocols for material preparation and testing. the outcomes emphasize the need for a holistic approach that considers technical, environmental, economic, and social factors to facilitate the widespread adoption of nano-engineered materials. this comprehensive review serves as a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, architects, and construction professionals interested in understanding the current state-of-the-art, limitations, and future outlook on the integration of nanoparticles in construction applications.