liquid + liquid equilibria of the ternary system water + glycerol + 1-butanol system: experimental data and modeling

In this study, solubility and tie-line data of ternary system water + glycerol + 1-butanol were determined at 293.2, 298.2, and 303.2 k and atmospheric pressure. this thermodynamic system is relevant for the production and purification of biofuels. phase equilibrium data have been determined by the cloud-point titration method and the tie-lines were obtained by correlating the refractive index of the binodal curves as a function of mixture composition. all measured lle data were modeled by uniquac and nrtl activity coefficient equations obtaining a satisfactory accuracy with modeling errors lower than 0.4%. binary interaction parameters of tested thermodynamic models were estimated to predict the value of tie lines using a hybrid bio-inspired swarm intelligence optimization algorithm, that is, makha without and with closure equation. this hybrid method was reliable to solve the global optimization problem for the binary interaction parameter identification of this ternary system. the results of this paper provide useful information for the design and modeling of industrial units for glycerol recovery, which is a relevant industrial feedstock.