بررسی نقش تعارض آیات با یکدیگر در پیدایش نظریه نسخ از دیدگاه جان برتن

ﺟﺎن ﺑﺮﺗﻦ، ﺧﺎورﺷﻨﺎس اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ ، در ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎی ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻧﺴﺦ در ﻗﺮآن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﻋﻮاﻣ ﻠﯽ را ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﮔﺮ اﯾﺶ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎن ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺷﺪه، ﺑﺮرﺳ ﯽ ﮐﺮده و ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺻ ﻠﯽ در ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔ ﯿﺮی ﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﮥ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﻮده اﻧﺪ: ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﯿﺎن آ ﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن، ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﯿﺎن آﯾﺎت و ﺳﻨﺖ، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕ ﯽ ﺟﻤﻊ آوری ﻗﺮآن. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﯽ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻣﯿﺎن آ ﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺳ ﺎﯾﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸ ﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺗﻦ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﻪ آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن و ﺑﺮﺧﯽ و ﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎی آ ﯾﺎت ﻧﺎﺳﺦ و ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﮥ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺨﻮا ﻧﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن آ ﯾﺎت اﺷﺎره ﻣ ﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و آن را ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣ ﯽ داﻧﺪ . ازﺟﻤ ﻠﻪ و ﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ او ﺑﺮ ای آ ﯾﺎت ﻧﺎﺳﺦ و ﻣﻨﺴﻮخ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣ ﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ، ﻋﺪم ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮕﯽ ﻣﺤﺘﻮ اﯾﯽ ﻣ ﯿﺎن آن ﻫﺎ، ﻓﻘﻬ ﯽ و دﺳﺘﻮ ری ﺑﻮدن، و ﺗﺄ ﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻮاﺟﻬ ﮥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺨﻮا ﻧﯽ ﻫﺎی ﻣﯿﺎن آ ﯾﺎت اﺳﺖ. او ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺦ راﻫ ﯽ ﺑﺮ ای ﺣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺨﻮا ﻧﯽ ﻫ ﺎ و ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻫ ﺎی ﻣ ﯿﺎن اﺣﮑﺎم ﻓﻘﻬ ﯽ ﻗﺮآن اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮﺗﻦ در ﺗﻌﺮ ﯾﻒ ﻗﺎﻋﺪۀ ﻧﺴﺦ، اﯾﻦ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم را ﻋﻨﻮان ﮐ ﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ ای ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ا ی از ﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﺎت در ﺣﻮ زۀ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ، ﺣﺪﯾﺚ و اﺻﻮل ﻓﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﯽ ﻣ ﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣ ﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺎرض ﻫ ﺎی ﺟﺪ ی و داﺋﻤﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن دو آﯾﮥ ﻗﺮآ ﻧﯽ ، دو ﺣﺪ ﯾﺚ ، ﯾﮏ ﺣﺪ ﯾﺚ و ﯾﮏ آ ﯾﻪ، ﯾﺎ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻗﺮآن و ﺣﺪ ﯾﺚ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﯿﺮی ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ۀ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤ ﯿﻦ اﺳﺎس، ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ۀ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻫﻢ در ﻗﺮآن و ﺳﻨﺖ و ﻫﻢ در رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن آن ﻫﺎ ﺟﺮ ﯾﺎن دارد. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﺑﺮﺗﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﺳ ﯿﺮ ، ﺿﻌﻒ ﻫ ﺎی اﺳﺎﺳ ﯽ در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ او ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣ ﯽ ﺷﻮد ، از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﺪم دﻗﺖ در ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔ ﯿﺮی اﺻﻄﻼح »ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ« در رواﺑﻂ ﻣﯿﺎن آ ﯾﺎت و اﺣﮑﺎم، رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎﺳ ﯿﺮ ﺿﻌ ﯿﻒ، ﺑﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮑﺎت ادﺑﯽ آﯾﺎت ﻗﺮآن، اﺳﺘﻨﺎد ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ آﯾﺎت ﻏ ﯿﺮﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ، ﻋﺪم ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻦ و ﻗﺒﺢ ذا ﺗﯽ اﻓﻌﺎل در ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ زﻣﺎن ﯾﺎ ادﯾﺎن، و ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻧﺰول ﺗﺪر ﯾﺠﯽ آﯾﺎت . در ﻧ ﺘﯿﺠﻪ، اﺳﺘﺪﻻل ﻫ ﺎی و ی ﻓﺎﻗﺪ دﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻤ ﯽ ﻻزم ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳ ﯽ د ﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﺗﻦ، ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮات ﻋﺎﻟﻤﺎن ﻣﺴ ﻠﻤﺎن، ﺑﻪ و ﯾﮋه آ ﯾﺖ اﻟﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ، ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻣﮑﺎن وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺦ در ﻗﺮآن ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺗﻼش دارد ﭘﺎﺳﺨ ﯽ ﻋﻠﻤ ﯽ ﺑﻪ آراء ﺑﺮﺗﻦ اراﺋﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﻧﻈﺮ ﯾﺎت او را اﺻﻼح و ﺑﺎز ﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ .

an examining the role of contradictions among verses in the emergence of the theory of abrogation from john burton’s perspective

john burton, an english orientalist, has explored the concept of abrogation (naskh) in the qur’an, investigating the factors that led muslims to adopt this concept. he contends that three primary factors contributed to the formation of the theory of abrogation: contradictions among qur’anic verses, contradictions between the qur’an and the sunna, and the manner in which the qur’an was compiled. this study focuses on the contradictions among qur’anic verses, while the analysis of other factors requires independent research. drawing on qur’anic verses and certain features of nasikh (abrogating) and mansukh (abrogated) verses, burton points to inconsistencies among verses as a key factor behind the emergence of abrogation. among the features he attributes to such verses are their lack of thematic continuity, their legal and prescriptive nature, and the impact of muslim scholars encountering these inconsistencies. he argues that abrogation provided a way to resolve these contradictions within qur’anic legal rulings. burton defines naskh broadly, viewing it as an umbrella concept encompassing various theories in qur’anic exegesis, hadith studies, and islamic jurisprudence, asserting that persistent and serious conflicts between two qur’anic verses, two hadith reports, a hadith and a verse, or between the qur’an and hadith led to the establishment of the rule of abrogation - operative within the qur’an, the sunna, and in their interrelations. despite his references to exegetical works, burton’s analysis suffers from significant shortcomings, such as imprecise use of the term “contradiction” regarding relations among verses and rulings, reliance on weak exegeses, neglect of literary nuances of qur’anic verses, misapplication of unrelated verses, disregard for the intrinsic ethical nature of actions across times or religions, and failure to consider the gradual revelation process. consequently, his arguments lack the necessary scholarly rigor. this study, while examining burton’s views, also engages the perspectives of muslim scholars, particularly ayatollah ma‘rifat, who acknowledge the possibility of abrogation in the qur’an, aiming to offer a scholarly response to burton and to refine and reassess his theories.