مروری بر کتاب «جریان‌شناسی قرآن‌پژوهی مستشرقان در ایالات متحدۀ آمریکا» اثر: سیدحسین علوی

در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن اﺳﻼم و ﻗﺮآن ﮐﺮ ﯾﻢ دﭼﺎر رﺷﺪ ﭼﺸﻤﮕ ﯿﺮی ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻬﺎت ﻣﻄﺮحﺷﺪه در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶﻫﺎ از ﺿﺮورتﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﻧﺪ ﯾﺸﻤﻨﺪان ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺮو ری اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺘﺎب »ﺟﺮ ﯾﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻗﺮآن ﭘﮋوﻫﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن در اﯾﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪۀ آﻣﺮ ﯾﮑﺎ« ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ ﺳﯿﺪﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻮ ی، ﮐﻪ ﻫﺪف آن ﻧﻘﺪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ و ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ ﮐﺘﺎب و ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻗﻮت و ﮐﺎﺳﺘ ﯽ ﻫﺎی آن ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺟﺮ ﯾﺎنﻫﺎی اﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﺮآنﭘﮋوﻫﯽ در آﻣﺮ ﯾﮑﺎ ﻣﯽﭘﺮدازد؛ ﺟﺮ ﯾﺎنﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻫﺎی ﻓﮑﺮ ی ﻏﺮب ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ و در ﺳﻪ ﺣﻮزه ﻋﻠﻮم ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ، ﻣﻌﺎرف ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ و ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮی ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ. ﻣﺆﻟﻒ در اﯾﻦ اﺛﺮ ﺳﻪ روﯾﮑﺮد اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن آﻣﺮ ﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮآن را ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻗﺮار داده اﺳﺖ: روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ، روﯾﮑﺮد ﺷﮏﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ و روﯾﮑﺮد ﻋﻠﻤﯽ-اﻧﺘﻘﺎدی. ﭘﺲ از اراﺋﻪ ﺟﺮ ﯾﺎنﻫﺎ و روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎی اﺻﻠﯽ، ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدﯾﻦ ﻗﺮآنﭘﮋوﻫﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن - از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﮑﺎر وﺣﯿﺎﻧﯿﺖ ﻗﺮآن، ﻋﺪم اﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺑﻪ رﺳﺎﻟﺖ اﻟﻬﯽ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ )ص(، ﻗﻮم ﻣﺤﻮر داﻧﺴﺘﻦ اﺳﻼم و ﺑﯽاﻋﺘﺒﺎری رواﯾﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ از ﺗﺎر ﯾﺦ اﺳﻼم - ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺼﯿﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اداﻣﻪ، اﯾﺸﺎن روشﻫﺎی اﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن، از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺗﺎر ﯾﺨﯽ، ﭘﺪ ﯾﺪارﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و روشﻫﺎی ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ و ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ را ﺑﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻋﯿﻨﯽ ﺗﺸﺮ ﯾﺢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻠﯿﺪی ﮐﺘﺎب ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﺎن ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻓﺮضﻫﺎی ﻣﺎدیﮔﺮاﯾﺎﻧﻪ و ﺳﮑﻮﻻر، از روشﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦﺷﺪه اﯾﻦ روﯾ ًﮑﺮدﻫﺎ را ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ. در ﻧﺘ ﯿﺠﻪ، روشﻫﺎی ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ آﻧﺎن - ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﺎن روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎدی ﻧﮕﺮ و ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻧﻘﺪ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻋﻬﺪﯾﻨﯽ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ - در ﻣﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻏﺮب ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان روشﻫﺎی ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.

overview of the book “the trends in orientalist quranic studies in the the united states” by seyyed hossein alavi

in the contemporary era, orientalist studies on islam and the noble qur’an have grown remarkably, making it imperative for muslim scholars to examine and respond to the doubts raised within these works. this study offers a review of seyyed hossein alavi’s book trends in orientalist qur’anic studies in the united states, aiming to critique its form and content and to elucidate its strengths and shortcomings. the book investigates the principal currents of qur’anic studies in the united states, which have developed under the influence of western intellectual paradigms and are presented across three domains: qur’anic sciences, qur’anic teachings, and exegetical discussions.the author analyzes three fundamental approaches adopted by american orientalists toward the qur’an: the descriptive, the skeptical, and the scientific-critical approaches. following an exposition of these trends and approaches, the book thoroughly examines the core premises underpinning orientalist qur’anic studies — such as the denial of the qur’an’s divine origin, rejection of the prophet’s divine mission, viewing islam as ethnocentric, and disputing the islamic narrative of its own history. it then outlines the principal methods employed by orientalists, including historical criticism, phenomenology, and comparative approaches, illustrated through concrete examples.the book’s key finding reveals that orientalists, operating from materialistic and secular presuppositions, employ methodologies that serve the aims set by these frameworks. consequently, their approaches - largely developed in materialist contexts to critique biblical tradition - have come to be regarded as authoritative within western academic circles.