جنبه‌های موثر بر زیبایی یا زشتی شهر از نگاه ساکنان؛ مورد پژوهی: منطقه 2 شهر تهران

سهم زیادی از آشفتگی‌ ها و ناهماهنگی ‌های بصری شهر تهران، بر اساس دیدگاه‌های نظری زیبایی‌شناسی، به نوع طراحی و ترکیب توده و حجم‌های ساختمان‌ها مربوط می‌شود. لذا این پرسش مطرح می‌‌گردد که از دیدگاه تجربی و از منظر ساکنان و استفاده‌کنندگان شهر، جنبه زیبایی و مطلوبیت فرم و ظاهر توده‌ها و ساختمان‌های شهر و ترکیب آن‌ها چگونه است؟ و یا چه معیارها و ارزش‌هایی برای طراحان و سازندگان ساختمان‌های امروزی، مطرح است که در توده‌ها و فرم‌های ساختمانی کنونی متجسم می‌شود؟  مقالة حاضر برای پاسخ به پرسش‌های فوق و به دنبال بررسی جنبه های گوناگون موثر بر زیبایی‌شناسی بصری توده های ساختمانی، به کندوکاو در متون نظری مربوطه و مسائل عینی و ذهنی گروهی از ساکنان منطقة 2 شهر تهران، می‌پردازد. این مطالعه با روش پژوهش توصیفی و با استنتاج نتایج کاربردی، بر پایه مرور متون و اسناد مرتبط و هم‌چنین با استفاده از روش نظریة زمینه‌ای (در بخش مطالعات میدانی)، و روش تطبیقی انجام می‌گیرد.  بر اساس نتایج بدست ‌آمده از مطالعات میدانی و مقایسه و ارزیابی آن‌ها با مطالعات نظری، چارچوبی اولیه از نظریه زیبایی‌شناسی در ارتباط با توده های ساختمانی، مشتمل بر مولفه‌های کالبدی- بصری و غیرکالبدی، ارائه گردید. مشخص شد که این نظریه می‌تواند دارای دو بعد یا دو جنبه محتوایی و رویه‌ای باشد. بعد محتوایی بر اصول و معیارهای شکل‌دهنده به احجام و توده‌های ساختمانی، و بعد رویه‌ای بر شرایط و بستر نوع شکل‌گیری احجام و توده‌های ساختمانی، تاکید دارد.

aspects affecting the beauty and ugliness of the city from the residents’ point of view, case study: district 2 of tehran

background and objectives: this research aims to answer this question: from the residents’ point of view, what is the beauty and desirability of the form and appearance of urban masses and buildings and their composition? what standards and values are considered for the designers and builders of today’s buildings, which are embodied in the current masses and building forms? accordingly, this research explores relevant theoretical texts and objective and subjective issues of residents living in district 2 of tehran. the origin of beauty and aesthetic perception is often defined between the two concepts of objectivism and subjectivism. however, newer philosophical analyzes that adopt an interactive perspective believe that the sense of beauty originates from the patterns that connect people and things. in fact, a reasonable (and usual) solution to the objective-subjective controversy in the evaluation of aesthetic quality acknowledges that aesthetic quality is the joint product of observable characteristics that interact with psychological processes in the human observer. with the flourishing of aesthetic perceptual research and the publication of their results, the differences between the previous evaluations of beauty and these studies became clear. they prompted researchers to look into these differences more.methods: in the literature review, descriptive and bibliographic methods have been used to progress the research. for the contextual studies, a type of qualitative research method called grounded theory method, which is based on interpretation analysis, has been chosen. finally, the comparative method (comparison and evaluation between the results of theoretical and contextual studies) has been used to analyze and present the results of the article. the grounded theory method applies interpretation in order to discover concepts and relationships between primary data and to organize them in the form of a theoretical explanatory plan. in the present research, the mentioned method has been used to reach the type of view and mental frameworks of the citizens of district 2 of tehran in relation to urban building and mass aesthetics.findings: based on the findings of the research, in the context of irresponsible urban management, ambiguity in the demands of the residents between the new and the past, and the change of conditions and demands over time has created some issues. these issues are classified as conditional categories: “speculative urban management”, “wandering between urban fabric protection or change”, and “instability of residents’ demands and conditions”. in addition, the residents of district 2 of tehran, in relation to the visual aesthetics of their living environment, believe in “visual irregularities and deterioration” (related to shape combinations) and “lack of open space and increased density” (related to the combination of masses and spaces) which are classified as interactive categories. the interviews affirm that the interactions and processes experienced by the residents have led to consequential categories such as “forgetting the presence of the living environment” and “disconnecting with the living environment”. accordingly, sub-categories such as distortion of memories and nostalgia can distort the future image and peace of mind, invigorate a sense of indifference towards the living environment, andlead to the thought of migration.