تحلیلی بر چگونگی بیان معنا در معماری پست‌مدرن از دریچه‌ی زبان‌شناسی (مقایسه‌ی تطبیقی کاربرد فنون بلاغی در زبان و معماری پست‌مدرن)

زبان پست‌مدرن مستلزم به‌کارگیری فنون بلاغی گوناگون است. توجه به نقش فن مجاز و به‌و‌یژه رابطه‌ی تعاملی آن با استعاره، در زبان معماری پست‌مدرن، برای تولید و بیان معنا، در پژوهش‌های پیشین مدنظر قرار نگرفته است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی نحوه‌ی شکل‌گیری و کارکرد فنون بلاغی در تولید و انتقال معنا و نیز رمزگشایی و بازتولید آن در معماری پست‌مدرن است. به‌این منظور، برای نخستین‌بار، شرایط تحقق فنون بلاغی مجاز و استعاره در معماری پست‌مدرن تعریف شد و رابطه‌ی تعاملی آن‌ها در دو محور هم‌نشینی و جانشینی برای ایجاد دو فن دیگر ایهام و کنایه، مورد تجزیه‌وتحلیل قرار گرفت. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر کیفی و با ماهیتی کاربردی است. داده‌ها از طریق مطالعه‌ی اسنادی گردآوری و به‌روش توصیفی-‌‌تحلیلی، با تحلیل نشانه‌شناسانه و شیوه‌ی تطبیقی‌-مقایسه‌ای و مطالعه‌ی موردی تحلیل شد. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، معماری پست‌مدرن به‌یاری رابطه‌ی تعاملی مجاز و استعاره در دو محور هم‌نشینی و جانشینی با شکل‌دهی دیگر فنون بلاغی مفاهیمی چون پیچیدگی، تضاد، لذت، کثرت‎‌گرایی و تعویق معنا را متجلی می‌کند و موجب تکثیر و توسعه‌ی آن‌ها می‌شود. همچنین با تلفیق معانی صریح و ضمنیِ نشانه‌های متون گذشته و «از آن خود سازی» آن‌ها، ضمن شکل‌دهی به واقعیات، برخلاف ادعای پست‌مدرنیستی خود، به ساخت ایدئولوژی مبادرت می‌ورزد. بنابراین، از طریق درک عملکرد فنون بلاغی و به‌ویژه رابطه‌ی تعاملی مجاز و استعاره، امکان رمزگشایی و بازتولید معنای هر معماریِ پیچیده‌ی بلاغی به‌کمک تحلیل نشانه‌شناسانه‌ میسر می‌شود. همچنین بهره‌گیری از این فنون، به‌مثابه ابراز بیان اندیشه در طراحی معماری، غنای معناییِ معماری حاصل را ممکن می‌کند.

an analysis of the expression of meaning in postmodern architecture from a linguistic perspective (comparison of the application of rhetorical devices in postmodern language and architecture)

background and objectives: language or linguistic system is one of the most fundamental principles in twentiethcentury philosophical studies and postmodern philosophy. the twentiethcentury scholars considered “language” as the basis of thought not its tool. according to them, truth, i.e., objective reality and whatever it is, is formed in language. thus, the revival of thought in the form of language has changed the issues of cultural criticism of postmodernism. the linguistic theory has simultaneously paid attention to meaning and symbolism in architecture. the way of conveying meaning in language and applying linguistic knowledge through linguistic similarities with architecture was studied through paradigms such as semiotics. the founders of semiotics, ferdinand de saussure (18571913) and charles sanders peirce (18391914), considered language as a system of signs with structural (syntactic) and semantic aspects. rhetorical devices are one of the tools used to form and recognize meaning. most contemporary semiologists consider studying these techniques, or at least some of their features, in the realm of semiotics. the verbal language of postmodernism uses rhetorical devices to form meaning. previous studies have not addressed the role of metonymy and its interaction with metaphor in the formation and expression of meaning in the language of postmodern architecture. therefore, the research question is: “how do rhetorical devices influence the expression of meaning in language and architecture?” so, the present study aims “to study how rhetorical devices are formed and how they operate in forming and transferring meaning, as well as decoding and reproducing it in postmodern architecture.” this study is significant because in societies such as iran, which are influenced by western thoughts, knowing the opportunities and threats of applying these thoughts enhances architects’ and designers’ creativity and minimizes cultural damages caused by accepting such thought currents.methods: to answer the research question and reach the research goal, the semiotics of saussure and peirce, as well as barthes’s mythology, were studied in linguistics, and the data obtained from them were compared with architecture. then, the rhetorical devices of metonymy, metaphor, amphibology, and irony were defined in verbal language and semiotics. their formation and functions were compared with postmodern architecture in two paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes. the analyses were performed using charles jencks’ (19392019) definition of postmodern architecture as well as his interpretation of the new state gallery (neue staatsgalerie (19771983) in german) in stuttgart, germany. then, the results were examined in several other buildings. so, the present study was qualitativeapplied research. data were collected by library study. then, they were analyzed descriptively and comparatively using a semiotic approach and case studies.findings: according to saussure’s linguistics, architecture is a language without the intrinsic and natural relationship between its signifier (body) and signified (meaning). what is perceived as the architectural meaning is the outcome of conventions between the architect and audiences. while, according to pierce’s semiotics and the referral system of its signs, architecture is a language in which rhetorical devices, especially metaphor and its interaction with metonymy, play a crucial role in its “genesis” and “function.” metaphor is formed on the paradigmatic axis and metonymy on the syntagmatic axis. the interaction of metaphor and metonymy also forms other rhetorical devices in architecture, such as irony and amphibology. the body of architecture changes and transforms with the formation of metaphor and its meaning with the metonymy formation.