effect of feeding with different levels of trisodium citrate on growth performance, immunocompetence triats, and digestive enzymes in goldfish (carassius auratus)

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to find the potential effects of trisodium citrate (tsc) on the growth performance, immue response, and digestive enzymes of goldfish. the fish (n=150; 2.51±0.11 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with triplicates and fed with a basal diet without tsc (control diet) and four levels of tsc (5, 10, 15, and 20 g kg^-1) for eight weeks. results showed that tsc supplemented diets markedly enhanced the final weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake (p<0.05). moreover, serum immune parameters such as total immunoglobulin, lysozyme, and complements (c3 and c4) were significantly increased with the supplementation of dietary tsc (p<0.05). furthermore, protease, lipase, and amylase values were profoundly increased with the increments of dietary tsc compared to the control group (p<0.05) and they were almost doubled in the fish fed with tsc at 20 g kg^-1 tsc compared to the control. taken together, the optimum dosage of tsc supplementation was 20 g kg^-1 in terms of growth efficiency, immune parameters, and digestive enzymes for juvenile goldfish.