واکاوی هندسه به‌کار رفته در مدرسه غیاثیه خرگرد با تاکید بر هندسه عملی ابوالوفا بوزجانی

هندسه در متون تخصصی هندسی به دو دسته هندسه عملی و نظری تقسیم‌بندی می‌شود. این متون، هندسه عملی را جوهره کار صنعتگران، نقشه‌برداران و بنایان دانسته و مهم‌ترین نماد بیرونی آن را معماری قلمداد می‌کنند. در بین متون، رساله هندسه عملی بوزجانی از منابعی است که در آن هندسه با روش‌های متعدد و راه‌حل‌های ساده‌تر بیان شده است. قوام‌الدین شیرازی در متون کهن به‌عنوان مهندس و معمار در عصر تیموری یاد شده و مدرسه غیاثیه یکی از ماندگارترین بناهای ساخته شده توسط او است. در این پژوهش با روش تاریخیتحلیلی، هندسه مدرسه غیاثیه مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته و سپس با هندسه بوزجانی تطبیق داده شده است تا پاسخگوی این سوال‌ها باشد: کاربست هندسه عملی در مدرسه غیاثیه چگونه صورت گرفته است؟ و شبکه‌های شطرنجی در طراحی این مدرسه به چه صورتی مورد استفاده بوده است؟ برای یافتن پاسخ، ابتدا هندسه عملی از منظر اندیشمندان غربی و ایرانی بررسی شد و سپس پلان و نمای مدرسه غیاثیه با توجه به روش‌های بوزجانی مورد بازنگری قرار گرفت. در نتیجه این تحقیق با اعمال شبکه مدولار بر پلان با توجه به ابعاد گنبدخانه و نیز تطبیق شکل‌گیری فضاها با هندسه بوزجانی، استفاده قوام‌الدین از روش‌های خاص هندسی و نیز از مدول مربعی مشخص در طراحی و ساخت بناها محرز گردید.

Investigating Geometry used in Khargerd Ghiasiyyah School with Emphasis on Practical Geometry of Abolafa Bozjani

Geometry in ancient Persian texts and from the point of view of people such as Farabi, Kharazmi, Akhavan alSafa and Ibn Haytham is divided into two categories of practical and theoretical geometry. According to these texts, practical geometry is considered to be the essence of the work of craftsmen, surveyors, surveyors and builders, and the most important external symbol of the application of practical geometry is architecture. Practical geometry is actually knowledge in industry and architecture and Surveying and mapping have been used. Among the mentioned texts, Abulofa Buzjani’s treatise on practical geometry is one of the sources in which an attempt has been made to express geometry by mentioning various methods together and with simpler solutions, so that it can be useful for craftsmen. Practical geometry has played the role of knowledge in industry and has been emphasized many times in various sources and has been spread by many scientific scholars of different eras of history. Craftsmen, architects and especially architects of the Timurid period, some of whom are mentioned as engineers in ancient texts, were no exception to this and in their works, using practical geometry, have designed and built many buildings. The oldest existing work regarding the use of geometry in architecture, the use of a grid background. Meanwhile, the name of the architect Ghavam alDin Shirazi is mentioned in ancient texts as an engineer in the Timurid era and Ghiasieh school is one of the most enduring Timurid buildings built by him, which is one of the most important and beautiful buildings in eastern Iran located in Khorasan in 848. Hijri was built by order of GhiasudDin Pir Ahmad Khafafi, the minister of Shahrokh Teymouri and the most artistic architects of that time, namely GhavamudDin and GhiasudDin Shirazi. The building of this school, like other similar religious buildings, has four porches and each porch has four It is half a meter wide and 11 meters high. In this research, with analyticalcomparative method, first by examining and analyzing the existing documents and then matching it with Abu alWafa geometry, it seeks to answer these questions: How has the application of practical geometry been done in Ghiasieh school? How have checkered grids been used in the design of this school? To answer this question, first practical geometry was studied from the perspective of Western and Iranian thinkers and then according to how geometry from Abulofa Buzjani’s point of view due to the connection between architecture and practical geometry and his solutions in solving geometric problems, plan and facade of Ghiasieh school Was reviewed. As a result of this research, by applying a checkered modular grid on the plan according to the dimensions of the dome and also matching the formation of spaces with Buzjani geometry, Ghavamuddin used special geometric methods and also used a specific square module in the design and construction of the building.