واکاوی انسجام کالبدی بازار تاریخی شهر ایرانی، مطالعه تطبیقی بازارهای تاریخی کرمان و شیراز

بازار تاریخی شهر ایرانی امروزه در تحولات کالبدی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی شهری مورد غفلت و آسیب قرار گرفته و نقش خود را به مثابه یک کلیت منسجم کالبدی-اجتماعی از دست داده است. از این رو پژوهش حاضر تلاش دارد تا انسجام کالبدی بازار را از طریق شناسایی ویژگی‌های کالبدی آن مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار دهد. روش پژوهش در گام اول مطالعه اسنادی متون نظری، تحلیل محتوای کیفی آنها و دستیابی به چارچوب مفهومی معطوف به انسجام کالبدی است. در گام دوم بر اساس آن، بررسی انسجام کالبدی دو بازار تاریخی کرمان و شیراز از طریق مطالعه و تحلیل نقشه‌ها، اسناد و مشاهدات میدانی انجام شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که انسجام کالبدی بازار تاریخی را می‌توان در سه مولفه ریخت‌شناختی، بصریزیباشناختی و عملکردی تعریف کرد. بررسی انسجام کالبدی دو بازار کرمان و شیراز بیانگر این موضوع است که بازار کرمان در هر سه مولفه و زیرمولفه‌های آن‌ها نسبت به بازار شیراز از وضعیت بهتری برخوردار است. به‌طورکلی می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که انسجام کالبدی ابعاد مختلفی دارد که حفظ و تقویت توامان ویژگی‌های کالبدی دربرگیرنده مولفه‌های آن برای دستیابی به انسجام بازار تاریخی شهر ضروری می‌نماید. نتایج این پژوهش الزامات توجه به نقش این ساختار مهم در شهرهای ایران را برشمرده و قابل ترجمه به رهنمودهای طراحی در طرح‌های تجدید حیات بافت تاریخی است.

Exploration of Physical Integration of Historical Bazaar in Iranian CitiesA Comparative Study of Historical Bazaars in Kerman and Shiraz

Bazaar in historical Iranian city has a function as a living urban structure weaving the urban elements and residential neighborhoods while maintaining its own existence and integrity, and providing functional and cultural services to the city. Due to the impacts of physical, social and economic urban transformations, and despite its all unique characteristics, the historical bazaar in todays’ Iranian city has been neglected and uninhibited, losing its fundamental role as an integrated whole and functioning only as a historical monument of the urban form. This paper aims to deeply investigate the principles of physical integration of the historical bazaar through its physical characteristics and qualities. The research method is developed in two phases: (1) desk study was used to explore the basic and current literature of urban form related to physical integration and for the text analysis; qualitative content analysis was applied developing a conceptual framework; and (2) physical integration of two important historical bazaars of Iranian cities (Kerman and Shiraz) was investigated according to the proposed conceptual framework through updated maps and historical documents of two bazaars using observation technique. The results indicate that the physical integration of the historical bazaar has three dimensions as follow: (1) morphological integration comprising of elementwhole interdependence, linkage of positive urban spaces, gradual growth through hierarchical organization, and permeability; (2) visualaesthetic integration consists of visual qualities of Iranian architecture and urban form, and space heterogeneity; and (3) functional integration comprising of hierarchical movement systems, respecting the context and mixed uses and hybridity. The analysis of the physical integration in Kerman and Shiraz bazaars indicates that Kerman bazaar is in better situation in terms of morphological and visualaesthetic integration than Shiraz bazaar. However the functional integration of two bazaars has vanished and their roles as an economicsocial structure of the traditional city have been lost. Both Bazaars can’t afford to adapt new needs and lifestyle of the citizens, leading to downturn, abandonment, or even demolition of their buildings. Now, Kerman and Shiraz bazaars offer only few local goods and handicrafts, as well as being heritage buildings and structures that are historicalcultural tourist destinations, and function only as historical monuments of the urban form. As a result, the physical integration in Kerman historical bazaar has been maintained in some parts due to the preservation of morphological and aesthetic characteristics of bazaar and its elements, resulting in its perception as an integrated organism. Taking all into account, this research concludes that physical integration has multiple dimensions which should be maintained and preserved simultaneously through conservation and improvement of physical characteristics and qualities of the built environment in order to reach the physical integrity of the historical bazaar as a whole. The research findings have implications for urban regeneration programs and plans in the historical fabric of Iranian cities. The spatialstructural role of the historical bazaar should be stated in these programs and plans in the format of design guidelines and principles.