pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in sulfur mustard exposed survivors; an analytical review

Introduction: this study reviewed the impact of sulfur mustard on biomarkers, particularly the expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, among exposed survivors after approximately 10 to 30 years of exposure. the review collected studies on human exposure to sulfur mustard. sulfur mustard exposure was associated with alteration of biomarkers, including pro-inflammatory mediators (il-1β, il-6, tnf-α, bdnf, gm-csf) and anti-inflammatory mediators (il-4, il-10). the long-term effects of sulfur mustard on inflammatory biomarkers warrant further, in-depth mechanistic studies to elucidate potential therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways.conclusion: sulfur mustard induces significant changes in inflammatory markers, including pro-inflammatory (e.g., tnf-α, il-1β, il-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines. these changes indicate activation of the innate immune system and initiation of a severe inflammatory response.