topology optimization of wave barriers for mitigating dynamic compaction-induced vibrations using a coupled cma-es/finite-element method

This paper aims to find optimal wave barriers for mitigating the ground-borne vibrations induced during dynamic compaction (dc). within this context, two types of barriers are considered. the first type of barrier has a classic rectangular shape, and they are arranged in single, double, and quadruple configurations. the second type involves a distributed grout barrier located within a designated area, characterized by varying grout densities. in this research, the finite element (fe) method is used to simulate the dynamic compaction problem, and soil nonlinearity is considered due to the development of large deformations around the tamping point in dynamic compaction. covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (cma-es) serves as a robust optimization tool and is coupled to fe simulations using comprehensive python scripts to find the optimal barrier configuration. the findings from the study reveal that the number of rectangular barriers does not necessarily increase mitigation capacity. furthermore, the barriers' mitigation capacity (mc) depends on their filling material and filled percentage. moreover, the investigation of distributed grout barriers reveals an interesting observation that the optimal configuration for the grout distribution tends to form an approximate w-shaped pattern.