بررسی ابعاد مختلف پایداری در نظام های تولید گندم (triticum aestivum l.) و پسته (pistacia vera l.) استان کرمان

تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی جنبه های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زراعی و مدیریتی پایداری دو نظام تولید پسته (pistacia vera l.) و گندم (triticum aestivum l.) که غالبیت کشت را در استان کرمان دارا هستند، اجرا شد. اطلاعات مربوط به این نظام‏های کشاورزی شامل سنجه‏های اجتماعی اقتصادی، تولید محصولات زراعی و دامی، کود و نهاده های شیمیایی، مدیریت بقایای گیاهی، منابع آب و آبیاری، شخم و مکانیزاسیون، تنوع گونه‏ای کشاورزی و مدیریت علف‏های هرز در مناطق اصلی مورد کشت این دو گیاه در سال های 1393 و 1394 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. بررسی ویژگی های فردی کشاورزان نشان داد که میانگین سنی آن ها در نظام های تولید گندم و پسته به ترتیب حدود 43 و 39 سال بود. در هر دو نظام مورد بررسی، افراد با تحصیلات دیپلم بالاترین فراوانی را داشتند. میانگین عملکرد گندم 3460 و پسته 573 کیلوگرم در هکتار برای استان گزارش شد. نتایج نشان داد که میزان مصرف کود و نهاده‏های شیمیایی، در هر دو محصول و به ویژه در پسته به شدت بالا بوده که این امر مغایر با اهداف کشاورزی پایدار می باشد. متوسط درآمد سالانه برای گندم و پسته به ترتیب 4 و 18 میلیون تومان بود. بررسی سنجه های مختلف پایداری نشان داد که شاخص پایداری در گندم 47/26 و در پسته 44/22 بود که هر دو در گروه تا حدودی ناپایدار قرار می گیرند. سنجه های مدیریت بقایای گیاهی در نظام تولید گندم و سنجه اجتماعی اقتصادی در پسته نسبت به دیگر سنجه ها از وضعیت مناسب‏تری برخوردار بودند. به طور کلی، نهاده های شیمیایی، آب آبیاری و عدم ثبات اقتصادی کشاورزان، اصلی ترین مشکلات در زمینه پایداری بوده و برای حصول به پایداری باید جنبه های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زراعی و مدیریتی مورد بازبینی و اصلاح قرار گیرد.

Assessing Various Aspects of Sustainability in Wheat and Pistachio Agroecosystems of Kerman Province

IntroductionAgricultural sustainability is the ability of an agroecosystem to either maintain or to implement the productive characteristics and taking into consideration both the ecologicalenvironmental and socioeconomic aspects. Sustainable agriculture implies long term maintenance of natural systems, optimal production with minimum input, adequate income per farming unit, fulfillment of basic food needs, and provision for the demands and necessities of rural families and communities. All definitions of sustainable agriculture promote environmental, economic and social harmony in an effort to attain the meaning of sustainability. The purpose of this study was to develop a sustainability index for quantifying the different aspects of sustainability as economical, social, agronomical and management for wheat and pistachio production systems which are dominant systems in Kerman province. Materials and MethodsIn the present study all aspects of agricultural sustainability including ecological, social and economic was selected..Accordingly, the sustainability index, a set of 82 indicators for wheat and pistachio crops were designed, to collect data through questionnaires and then analyze it. Sustainability indices include socioeconomic indices, fertilizer and chemicals, crops and livestock production, crop residue management, irrigation water, diversity of agricultural systems, mechanization, tillage and weed management in the main cultivation area in 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. Sustainability index was calculated using the weighting sum. Therefore the rate of contribution for each specific indicator in the final index and rating of all indicators were done from zero to its maximum rated indicators with regard to the most unfavorable situation to the most favorable indicators. After scoring each measure, the total scores of indicators is accumulated and was introduced as the final score. After designing the indicators, 295 and 234 questionnaires were completed for wheat and pistachio, respectively. Farms were selected randomly. Data were analyzed using Excel and SAS software.Results and DiscussionThe Study of individual characteristics of farmers showed that the average age of farmers for wheat and pistachios production systems was about 43 and 39 years respectively. Age was considered as an important factor in displaying the features of one’s personality. Therefore, young group is more zealous and earnest in their work and can handle farming activities more efficiency. In both studied systems, those who had high school education had the highest frequency. Education may enhance farm productivity directly by improving the quality of labor, increasing the ability to adjust to disequilibria, and through its effect upon the propensity to adopt innovation successfully. Average yield was reported 3460 kg ha1for wheat and 573 kg ha1for pistachios. Crop production is an indicator of system efficiency, in regard to genetic potential, ecological conditions, management, capital investment and labor use. The results showed that, unfortunately, the fertilizer and chemical inputs, especially in pistachio, is extremely high, which is inconsistent with the approaches of sustainable agriculture. The average annual income in wheat and pistachio was gained 4 and 18 million tooman, respectively. Nonagricultural income sources make sure to provide sufficient income to the farmers. Reduction in rural incomes will lead to different immigration outcomes. Family economic security directly affects on the economic sustainability of agriculture. Assessing various sustainability indicators showed that the sustainability index in wheat and pistachio was 47.2 and 44.2, respectively, and also that these agroecosystems are not sustainable. Crop residue management indicator in wheat and socioeconomic in pistachios production systems had a better condition than other indicators. The results indicated that chemical inputs, irrigation water and the lack of economic stability for farmers, are the main problems in the field of sustainability and to achieve the stability in wheat and pistachio agroecosystems, various aspects of economic, social, agronomic and management should be reviewed and revised. ConclusionIn generally, to increase the sustainability of the wheat and pistachio agroecosystems, the following strategies are suggested: The sprinkler irrigation method must be developed and use of urea fertilizer and pesticide should be decreased. The best managements of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, social individual characteristics of farmers, crop production and crop residual management can cause the sustainability.