بررسی اثر ورمی کمپوست، کودهای زیستی و نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی مریم گلی (salvia officinalis l.) تحت شرایط مختلف رطوبتی

مریم‌گلی (salvia officinalis l.) یک گیاه دارویی متداول است که به طور گسترده ای در صنایع غذایی و داروسازی مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. به منظور بررسی تاثیر ورمی کمپوست،کودهای زیستی و نیتروژن بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی مریم‌گلی تحت شرایط مختلف رطوبتی، آزمایشی بهصورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 15 تیمار و سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس در سال های 92-1391 و 93-1392 انجام گردید. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل آبیاری (i) در سه سطح: آبیاری پس از مصرف 40 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ریشه (i1) آبیاری پس از مصرف 60 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ریشه (i2) آبیاری پس از مصرف 80 درصد رطوبت قابل استفاده در عمق توسعه ریشه (i3) و حاصلخیزکننده های خاک در پنج سطح: عدم مصرف کود (f0)، کود شیمیایی اوره (150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) (ur)، باکتری های آزادزی تثبیت کننده نیتروژن (nfb)، ورمی کمپوست (v)، ورمی کمپوست + باکتری های آزادزی تثبیت کننده نیتروژن (v+nfb) بودند که به ترتیب در کرت های اصلی و فرعی قرار داده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که گیاهان تحت تیمار بدون تنش (i1) و ورمی‌کمپوست + باکتری (v+nfb) ارتفاع، قطر کانوپی، سطح برگ و عملکرد خشک بیشتری در هر سه برداشت برخوردار بودند. همچنین بیشترین مقدار اسانس و ترکیبات اسانس در هر سه برداشت در تنش متوسط و ورمی‌کمپوست+باکتری به دست آمد. در بین زمان های برداشت بیشترین ارتفاع (84/28 سانتی متر)، قطر کانوپی (58/29 سانتی متر)، سطح برگ (77/1) و عملکرد خشک (964/2 تن در هکنار) در برداشت سوم مشاهده شد. بیشترین مقدار اسانس(90/1 درصد) در برداشت دوم و آلفا توجون (73/32 درصد)، 1و8 سینئول (91/10 درصد) و کامفور (47/23 درصد) در برداشت سوم به دست آمد. به طور کلی، نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که مصرف ورمی‌کمپوست + باکتری سبب بهبود خصوصیات رشدی، مقدار اسانس و کیفیت اسانس شد. از طرفی بالاترین مقادیر خصوصیات رشدی در تیمار بدون تنش و بیشترین مقادیر اسانس و ترکیبات اسانس در تنش متوسط به دست آمد.

Comparing Different Soil Fertility Systems on Some Physiological Characteristics, Yield and Essential Oil of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) under Different Irrigation Regimes

IntroductionSage is a popular medicinal plant which is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Vermicompost are a rich source of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, enzymes and plant growth promoter hormones. Therefore, the use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture, in addition to increasing population and activity of beneficial soil microorganisms, causes the rapid growth of medicinal plants. The uses of bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas) as a biofertilizer have causes increasing the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and improving the growth of several crops. Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect the growth and yield of plants. Management of nutrients in plants, especially during drought conditions and to assess this management on quantity and quality of sage medicinal plant is very important. Limited information are available about the response of sage under water deficiency conditions in different fertilizing systems, so the aim of this research was to study the growth, yield and essential oil production of Sage under different irrigation regimes.Materials and methodsField experiments were carried out at the field research station of Faculty of Agriculture of Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran during two growing seasons (20112012 and 20122013). The experiment was laid out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels including irrigation after depletion of 40% available water (I1), irrigation after depletion of 60% available water (I2), irrigation after depletion of 80% available water (I3) as the main plots and five different soil fertility systems including control (no fertilizer) (F0), chemical fertilizer (urea=150 kg/ha1) (Ur), nitrogen fixing bacteria(Azotobacter+Azospirillum+Pseudomonas) (NFB), vermicompost (8 t/ha1) (V) vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria (V+NFB) as sub plots were allocated. A TDR probe (TimeDomain Reflectometry, Model TRIMEFM, England) was applied to measure soil water content. Essential oil extraction was subjected to conventional hydro distillation using a Clevengertype apparatus in accordance. Essential oil analysis was performed using a TRACE GC (ThermoQuestFinnigan) equipped with a DB5 fused silica column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 μm film thickness). GC–MS analyses were carried out on a TRACE MS (ThermoQuestFinnigan).Results and Discussion The highest plant height, canopy diameter, leaf area and dry matter yield were obtained at no stress and V+NFB in all three harvests. Also, the maximum essential oil content and essential oil compounds were obtained at moderate stress and V+NFB in all three harvests. Among the three times harvest, the highest plant height (28.84 cm), canopy diameter (29.58 cm), leaf area (1.77 m.m2) and dry matter yield (296 g. m2) were observed at third harvest time. The maximum essential oil content (1.90%) was obtained at second harvest time and the highest αthujone (32.73%), 1, 8 cineol (10.91%) and camphor (32.47%) were observed at third harvest time.Reduction in the morphological characteristics and dry matter by increasing drought stress could be the result of a preferential allocation of biomass production to the roots or a reduction in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis efficiency.Positive and synergistic effects between vermicompost and bacteria can increase bacterial activity in the soil and rhizosphere through mechanisms such as production of growth hormone which increased root growth. Increasing in essential oil concentration under water stress could be due to the fact that plants produce high terpene concentrations under water stress conditions and low allocation of carbon to the growth, therefore can be a tradeoff between growth and defense. Vermicompost and nitrogen fixing bacteria by providing more uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen increase the essential oil content.ConclusionThe results showed that drought stress reduced the growth characteristics (height, canopy diameter and leaf area), and the highest amounts of essential oil content and quality were observed in moderate stress. In addition, vermicompost + nitrogen fixing bacteria treatment was the best fertilizer combination among all treatments in increasing the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, and essential oil quantity and quality.