بررسی اثرات‌ زیست‌محیطی آفت‌کش‌های مورد استفاده در مزارع کلزا(brassica napus l.) ، چغندر قند(beta vulgaris l.) و سیب زمینی (solanum tuberosum l.)شهرستان علی آباد کتول استان گلستان با استفاده از شاخص eiq

شاخص تاثیر زیست‌محیطی (eiq) می تواند میزان خطر سموم مختلف کشاورزی را نشان دهد. این مطالعه به بررسی اثرات‌ زیست محیطی آفت کش های مورد استفاده در 21 مزرعه کلزا(brassica napus l.) ، ، شش مزرعه سیب زمینی(solanum tuberosum l.) و پنج مزرعه چغندرقند  (beta vulgaris l.)در شهرستان علی‌آباد‌ کتول (استان گلستان) در سال زراعی 1401-1400 انجام شد. اطلاعات مربوط به سم‌پاشی آفت کش ها، مزارع، تناوب زراعی و عملکرد محصول با پایش مستمر و مصاحبه چهره‌به‌چهره از کشاورزان جمع آوری شد. مقدار اثر محیط زیستی سموم در واحد هکتار (eiq-fur)، از حاصل‌ضرب مقدار eiq آن ها در مقدار ماده موثره و مقدار مصرف در واحد هکتار به دست آمد. در نهایت، نقشه طبقه بندی میزان آسیب محیط زیستی مزارع تهیه گردید. در میان آفت کش های مصرف‌شده، بیش ترین میزان آسیب به کارگر مزرعه در گروه علف‌کش ها متعلق به گراماکسون، در گروه حشره کش ها مربوط به فوزالن، کلرپیریفوس و تیاکلوپراید و در گروه قارچ‌کش ها به مانکوزب، سایپروکونازول + کاربندازیم و تبوکونازول تعلق گرفت. همچنین قارچ‌کش های تبوکونازول، سایپروکونازول + کاربندازیم و تیوفانات متیل در مقایسه با گروه آفت کشی علف‌کش و حشره کش، آسیب بیش تری بر جزء مصرف کنندگان و خطر آب‌شویی در محیط زیست نشان دادند. بررسی آفت کش های مصرفی و آسیب بر اجزای بوم شناختی، دو حشره کش دیازینون و کلرپیریفوس را به عنوان خطرناک ترین آفت کش ها برای موجودات محیط زیست معرفی کرد. بررسی نقشه‌ها نشان داد که اکثر مزارع کلزا و چغندرقند در طبقه آسیب کم و خیلی کم قرار گرفته اند، درحالی‌که مزارع سیب زمینی در طبقه آسیب محیط زیستی متوسط و زیاد قرار دارند. به عبارتی، اثر زیست محیطی و آلودگی ناشی از کشت سیب زمینی بیش تر از دو محصول دیگر بود.

evaluation of environmental effects of applied pesticides on canola (brassica napus l.), sugar beet (beta vulgaris l.), and potato (solanum tuberosum l.) fields in ali abad katool county, golestan province by eiq model

introductionconsidering the growth of the human population, limited resources in the agricultural sector, and the urgent need to increase production, it is essential to implement logical and principled pest control measures, with a strong emphasis on protecting the health of farmers, community members, and the environment. the environmental impact quotient (eiq) can show the risk of different agricultural pesticides by considering the amount of damage to the health of these three components. this study investigated the environmental effects of pesticides used in canola, sugar beet, and potato fields in aliabad katool county (golestan province), during 2021-2022.materials and methodsfor this purpose, 21 canola fields, six potato fields, and five sugar beet fields were randomly selected and information related to pesticide spraying, field area, crop rotation, and crop yield with continuous monitoring, face-to-face interviews, and completed questionnaires was collected from farmers. also, the eiq values ​​related to the pesticide use in these fields were collected through articles and reliable websites. the amount of environmental effect of pesticides per hectare (eiq-fur) was obtained from the product of their eiq value in the amount of effective substance and the consumption amount per hectare. the amount of environmental damage of each field was calculated from the sum of eiq-furs of pesticides consumed in that field per hectare. finally, a classification map of the extent of environmental damage to the studied crops was prepared in ali abad katool county.results and discussionin general, among the pesticides used in these farms, the highest damage to farm workers is in the group of herbicides related to gramaxone, in the group of insecticides related to phosalone, chlorpyrifos, and thiacloprid, and in the group of fungicides, mancozeb, cyproconazole+carbendazim, and tebuconazole. also, the fungicides tebuconazole, cyproconazole+carbendazim, and thiophanate-methyl showed more damage to consumers, and the risk of leaching in the environment compared to the group of herbicides, and insecticides. investigating the pesticides used and damage to the ecological components, two insecticides, diazinon and chlorpyrifos, were introduced as the most dangerous pesticides on the organisms of the environment. based on the average of these damages, or in other words, the eiq index for each pesticide, cyproconazole+carbendazim, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, tebuconazole and imidaclopride 35 % and imidaclopride 70 % were identified as the most dangerous pesticides in the studied fields. the highest environmental effect of pesticides per hectare belongs to mancozeb fungicide with eiq-fur equal to 61.72. this fungicide has an average eiq (25.72) compared to pesticides such as cyproconazole+carbendazim, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, etc., but due to the high percentage of the effective substance and the amount used in the potato fields of the region (3 liters per hectare), causes the most damage and toxicity to the environment. also, the increase in the frequency and amount of trifluralin herbicide consumption in potato fields (4 liters per hectare) has caused it to be introduced as the second most dangerous pesticide in the region. in addition, the insecticides chlorpyrifos (1.5 liters) and diazinon (one liter) and the fungicide methyl thiophanate (one liter) are respectively eiq-fur and have a higher environmental effect than other pesticides per hectare unit and therefore more planning should be done in their use or replacement.conclusionthe distribution map of the environmental effects of pesticides in the investigated crops showed that most of the canola and sugar beet fields were in the class of low and very low risk, while the potato fields were in the class of medium and high risk. in other words, the environmental effect and pollution caused by potato cultivation has been more than the other two crops. the increase in the consumption of fungicides and herbicides in potato cultivation has led to increased damage to organisms and the environment.acknowledgmentswe would like to thank gorgan university of agricultural sciences and natural resources, wheat and barley farmers, and agricultural jihad management of fazel abad region, ali abad katool county for their cooperation in conducting this research.