واکنش رشد و عملکرد ارزن (panicum miliaceum l.) معمولی به مصرف سطوح مختلف کود دامی و سولفات ‌روی

کاربرد کودهای دامی به‌همراه عناصر ریز مغذی از جمله راه کارهای مناسب جهت دستیابی به اهداف کشاورزی اکولوژیکی است، که می تواند تولیدات کشاورزی را در مکان و زمان افزایش دهد و به بهبود عملکرد کمّی و کیفی گیاهان زراعی منجر شود. ارزن (panicum miliaceum l. گیاهی یک‌ساله است که در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک رشد می کند و بعد از گندم، برنج، ذرت و جو مهم‌ترین گیاه یک‌ساله جهان محسوب می گردد و یکی از بهترین محصولات برای تولید علوفه و دانه است. به همین دلیل و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ اﺛﺮ ﮐﻮد دامی و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت روی ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد و اﺟﺰای ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ارزن معمولی (panicum miliaceum l.)، آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﺑﻪ‌ﺻﻮرت ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﯾﻞ در قالب طرح ﺑﻠﻮک‌ﻫﺎی ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در سال 1397 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه بیرجند اجرا شد. فاکتورهای ازمایش شامل ﮐﻮد دامی (گاوی) (صفر، 10، 20 و 30 تن در هکتار) و ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎت روی (صفر، 60 و 90 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بودند. همچنین، یک کرت شاهد مبتنی بر مصرف کود شیمیایی (npk) در هر بلوک در نظر گرفته شد و اثر این تیمار در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی، با سایر 12 ترکیب تیماری حاصل از مصرف کود دامی و سولفات روی مقایسه شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد پنجه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد زیستی، شاخص برداشت و محتوی رویِ بذر بودند. نتایج نشان داد مصرف 60 کیلوگرم در هکتار سولفات روی باعث بهبود تمامی شاخص های رشد و عملکرد ارزن شد و بیشترین محتوی رویِ موجود در بذر با کاربرد 60 و 90 کیلوگرم در هکتار از کود مذکور حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و زیستی در تیمار مصرف 60 کیلوگرم سولفات روی مشاهده شد که در مقایسه با شاهد (بدون کود) به ترتیب 36 و 6.6 درصد افزایش داشت. بیشترین مقادیر صفات مورد مطالعه با مصرف 30 تن در هکتار کود دامی به دست آمد و عملکرد دانه در این سطح کودی 138 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود و در نهایت، منجر به افزایش 14.4 درصدیِ شاخص برداشت شد. تیمار کود شیمیایی (npk) در مقایسه با تیمار بدون کود منجر به بهبود تمامی صفات مرتبط با رشد و عملکرد گیاه شد.

Growth and Yield of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) as Affected by Different Levels of Organic Fertilizer and Zinc Sulfate

Introduction:Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a ,warmseason grass with a growing season of 60–100 days. It is a highly nutritious cereal grain used for human consumption, birdseed, and/or ethanol production. Millet ranks sixth among the world’s most important cereal grains, sustaining more than onethird of the world’s population. Millets are generally among the most suitable crops for sustainable agriculture and food security on marginal lands with low fertility. Millet crops are grown on marginal lands and under lowinput agricultural conditions, situations in which major cereal crops often produce low yields. Foliar application of Zn brings the greatest benefit in comparison with addition to soil where they become less available. Generally, Micronutrients are essential for plant growth and play an important role in balanced crop nutrition. Micronutrients are as important to plant nutrition as primary and secondary nutrients, though plants do not require as much of them. Materials and methodsTo study the effect of cow manure (CM: 0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha1) and zinc sulfate (ZS: 0, 60, and 90 kg ha1) application on common millet (Panicum miliaceaum L.) growth and yield, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the research field of University of Birjand, Iran, in 2018 growing season. In addition, a chemical fertilizer (NPK) treatment was considered in each block, and its effect was compared with 12 other combination treatments based on a randomized complete block design.  The studied traits were plant height, number of tillers per plant, 1000grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, and seed zinc content. The software SAS (V9.1) and Excel were used to analyze the data and draw the figures. Means were compared using the FLSD test at a 5% probability level. Result and discussion:Analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of both experimental factors were significant on all studied traits, but none of the interaction effects were significant. Application of 60 kg ha1 of ZS improved all growth and yield parameters of millet, while the highest zinc content in the seed was obtained by applying 90 kg ha1. The highest seed and biological yields (2227 and 7940 kg ha1, respectively) were obtained by 60 kg ha1 of ZS application, which was 36 and 6.6% higher than the control treatment (nofertilization), respectively. All studied traits showed an increasing trend with increasing the amount of CM consumption, so that their highest values ​​were obtained when 30 tons ha1 of CM was applied. Seed yield (2564 kg ha1) at the highest CM level was 138% more than the control treatment and ultimately led to a 14.4% increase in the harvest index. Conclusion:Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal plant cultivated for its grain, mostly in Asia and North America. It is a warmseason grass with a short growing season and low moisture requirement that is capable of producing food or feed where other grain crops would fail. Chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK) also improved all traits related to plant growth and yield compared to control as well as some other fertilization treatments. Modifying the physical properties of the soil and the availability of nutrients for millet plants can be a major reason for the increased yield and growth of the plant. Also, the results showed that consumption of zinc sulfate at 60 kg.ha1 increased yield and yield components of common millet, but consumption of 90 kg.ha1 of this fertilizer reduced the studied traits. In addition, the results of this experiment showed a significant difference between four levels of manure so that the highest grain yield of studied millet was obtained from 30 tons per hectare of manure. According to the test results, it can be stated that the application of zinc sulfate at a rate of 60 kg per hectare increased the yield and yield components of millet and therefore is introduced as the desired amount of fertilizer to achieve ideal yield.