ارزیابی اثر مدیریت کودی بر مبنای مقادیر کمپوست بر عملکرد و جذب نیتروژن در تولید گوجه‌فرنگی (solanum lycopersicum l.)

به‌منظور بررسی اثر انواع کمپوست در نظام تولید گوجه‌فرنگی (solanum lycopersicum l.) در شرایط اکولوژیک، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و تیمار‌های کود گاوی، کمپوست شهری، بقایای کمپوست قارچ و ورمی کمپوست در سه مقدار کم (سه تن در هکتار برای ورمی کمپوست و 10 تن در هکتار برای دیگر کودها)، متوسط (شش تن در هکتار برای ورمی کمپوست و 20 تن در هکتار برای دیگر کودها) و زیاد (نه تن در هکتار برای ورمی کمپوست و 30 تن در هکتار برای دیگر کودها) و دو روش اجرای ردیفی در پشت بوته و نیز پخش در سطح زمین در بخش ارگانیک مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 94-1393 به اجرا در آمد. سه عامل عملکرد، ماده خشک گیاه و نیز میزان نیتروژن جذب شده کل مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اختلاف بین تیمار‌ها در سطح نوع کود مصرفی در هر سه عامل عملکرد، ماده خشک و نیتروژن جذب شده معنی‌دار بود؛ امّا در مورد میزان مصرف کود و روش مصرف کود فقط در عملکرد تغییرات معنی‌داری بین تیمار‌ها مشاهده گردید. تیمار‌های کود گاوی بیش‌ترین عملکرد (102.8 تن در هکتار) و نیز تولید ماده خشک و جذب نیتروژن را نشان دادند. نتایج نشان دادند که بین انواع کمپوست در عملکرد و مقدار جذب نیتروژن تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود ندارد، امّا کمپوست شهری ماده خشک کم‌تری را نسبت به دیگر کمپوست‌ها ایجاد کرد. بر این اساس، پیشنهاد می شود در راستای دستیابی به اصول کشاورزی اکولوژیک مصرف مقادیر مختلف انواع کمپوست را به‌منظور بهبود عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی مدنظر قرار داد.

Evaluation the Effect of Fertilizer Management Based on Compost Levels on Yield and N Uptake on Organic Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Production

Introduction;One of the more challenging aspects of sustainable farming is the development of an appropriate fertility management. Soil management in   sustainable   agriculture   improves   the   soil   fertility   supplying   with   composted   materials. In a sustainable agriculture, compost is used to maintain and improve fertility.;Compost is a soil amendment produced through the metabolism of an organic substrate by aerobic microorganisms under controlled conditions. Composting is an ancient agricultural technology going back to biblical times that still has an important application in modern agriculture. Compost supply a primary source of nutrients for the crops, as well as prepare a supplementary nitrogen source that compliments fertilizer nitrogen to provide a more sustainable farming system. Additionally, it is rich in the microorganisms that recycle organic matter.   Compost also boosts the plant and soil enhancing activity of soil life.;Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) belongs to the family Solanaceae and is a popular grown vegetable which ranks third of worldwide vegetable production. It is used as an ingredient in many recipes, sauces, salads and drinks. Tomato fruit has much nutritional value comparatively low prices than other vegetables. It was also reported that tomato is an important source of nutrient and antioxidant such as lycopene and vitamin C.;The objectives of this study were to evaluate different compost types and rates on growth, yield and total uptake nitrogen of tomato.;Material and methods;An experiment was performed as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 20142015. Considered factors were cow manure, household compost, spent mushroom compost and vermicompost with three levels of low (3 t.ha1 for vermicompost and 10 t.ha1 for other manures), medium (6 t.ha1 for vermicompost and 20 t.ha1 for other manures), and high (9 t.ha1 for vermicompost and 30 t.ha1 for other manures), and two application methods (row and broad). Uptake N was measured by using Kjeldahl.;The treatments were run as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if significant differences existed among treatments means. Multiple comparison tests were conducted for significant effects using the LSD test.;Results and discussion;The results showed that there were substantial differences among treatments for yield, dry matter and total nitrogen uptake between various manures. Difference between treatments for total yield production was significant for the level of manure application and the method of manure application. In common with other field experiments, we observed significant improve in yield where composts have been applied to field crops. This experiment showed there is no significant different for total yield production and total nitrogen uptake between different composts but, household compost produced less dry matter. The highest and the lowest final yield were related to cow manure and vermicompost with 102.82 and 89.08 t.ha1, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum and the minimum uptake N were observed in cow manure and Household compost with 123.2 and 82.04 kg N ha1, respectively.;Conclusion;Compost types and rates had remarkable efficacy on growth, yield and total uptake nitrogen of tomato. The results showed   the   marketable   yields   for   tomato   crops   which clearly display   the   beneficial effect of compost types and levels usage. By increasing soil organic matter, compost can enhance the soil’s capacity to hold water and nutrients, and such changes can dramatically affect the yield of nonirrigated crops. Compost   in   sustainable   tomato   crop   production   in   specific   and   in   general   plays an important   role in agroecosystem   management. As a matter of fact, Compost can be used instead of other chemical fertilizers to improve the tomato crop production.;Acknowledgement;This research 38324 was funded by Vice Chancellor for Research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.