پاسخ توده‌های بومی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله (trigonella foenumgraecum l.) به کاربرد بیوچار در شرایط کم‌آبیاری

به‌منظور بررسی تاثیر کاربرد بیوچار بر رشد و عملکرد توده‌های بومی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله (trigonella foenum-graecum l.) در شرایط کم‌آبیاری، آزمایشی در سال 1394 در مزرعه‌ی تحقیقاتی پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران در شهر کرج اجرا گردید. بدین منظور شش توده‌ی بومی پاکوتاه دزفول، شوشتر، اردستان، رهنان، یزد و خمینی‌شهر در شرایط عدم‌کاربرد و کاربرد بیوچار در دو دور آبیاری 4 و 8 روز با استفاده از آزمایش اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل درقالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل نشان داد کاربرد بیوچار در هر دو دور آبیاری عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه و تعداد شاخه‌ی اصلی و فرعی در بوته را افزایش می‌دهد. با وجود پاسخ متفاوت توده‌ها، اثر کاهشی افزایش دور آبیاری بر عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه، ارتفاع بوته و تعداد شاخه‌ی اصلی و فرعی در بوته در تمام توده‌ها مشاهده شد. میانگین تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در غلاف تحت تاثیر اثرات متقابل تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. روند مشابه تغییرات وزن صد دانه و عملکرد دانه تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی نشان می‌دهد که کاربرد بیوچار عملکرد را با افزایش وزن دانه، تا با افزایش تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در غلاف، افزایش داده است. در میان توده‌ها، رهنان بیشترین عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه و تعداد غلاف در بوته را به خود اختصاص داد.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum L.) Landraces Response to Biochar Application under Deficit Irrigation

Introduction;Biochar which is producing by thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, produces with the intent to be applied as a technique for improving soil properties. Adding biochar to the soils boosts soil fertility and improves the porosity, moisture, cation exchange capacity, pH, and development and reproduction of microbes in the long term. Research indicated that biochar potentially enhanced soil water holding capacity. This infers that soil amendment with biochar may improve crop productivity by retaining more water from rainfall in arid regions and reduce the frequency/amount of irrigation water in irrigated regions. Currently there is no logical method to increase precipitation during drought periods, therefore using drought resistance cultivars and appropriate agricultural techniques are the best solution to deal with this problem. Using soil amendments like biochar to increase water retention has been considered for a long time to decrease the drought effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation.;Material and methods;To assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2015 at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran. Six branched fenugreek landraces including Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr were treated by biochar application and nonapplication under 2 different irrigation intervals. A split plot factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Each plot had the size of 4 m × 2.5 m with a plant density of 40 plant m2. Biochar was derived from rice husk at 500°C in an oxygen depleted environment. Biochar application rate was calculated based on bulk density for the 30 cm layer of the soil (8:92 v/v) and added to the top layer of the soil. Increasing irrigation interval from 4 to 8 days applied from 50% of flowering stage. Seeds were sown on May 10th and mature plants were harvested on November 11th. Plant height, number of main and secondary branches, as well as yield and yield components were measured. Statistical analyses were done using SAS (9.2) software.;Results and discussion ;According to the results, assessed traits were not significantly affected by triple interaction effect of treatments and also double interaction effect of landrace and biochar. But biochar application increased the number of main and secondary branches, 100seed weight, and seed yield on 4 days irrigation interval by 19.75, 18.13, 17.54, and 24.33%, respectively and on 8days irrigation interval by 2.61, 19.52, 8.67, and 26.66%, respectively. Moreover, increasing irrigation interval decreased plant height by 22.42, 22.01, 27.23, 13.66, 27.13, 26.62%; the number of main branches by 6.18, 7.92, 31.84, 16.66, 24.22%, 32.97%; the number of secondary branches by 40.54, 39.09, 40.99, 39.83, 40.89, 40.88%; 100seed weight by 20.43, 8.70, 17.22, 26.98, 26.44, 23.11%; and seed yield by 61.20, 47.55, 50.12, 44.71, 38.44, 46.24% in Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr landraces, respectively. However, the number of pods plant1 and seeds pod1 were not significantly affected by interaction effects of treatments. Several studies showed the reduction of crop growth and production under water deficit. Baradaran et al. (2013) also indicated increase in irrigation intervals decreased plant height, the number of pods, the number of seeds pod1, and thousandseed weight in fenugreek. This results are due to increase in allocation of photosynthetic material to roots than shoot resulting in smaller plants with less leaf area as a key factor in receiving solar radiation, water and energy exchange, and biomass production. Several studies reported increased water holding capacity by biochar addition because of its high adsorption capacity and porous structure. Akhtar et al. (2014) also reported that addition of biochar increased the soil moisture content in deficit irrigation which consequently improved physiology, yield and quality of tomato compared with nonbiochar control.;Conclusion;In conclusion, adding biochar at a concentration of 78% to a loamy soil reduced the effect of water deficit on fenugreek growth and seed yield. Biochar increase seed yield by increasing seed weight rather than the number of pods plant1 and seeds pod1.