تمثلات انواع التبئیر فی الروایه العربیه المعاصره علی ضوء نظریه جیرار جینیت (روایه دفاتر الوراق لجلال برجس نموذجا)

اﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﺳﺮدﯾﺔ ﺣﺪﯾﺜﺔ وﺳﻤﺔ اﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر اﻟﺴﺮدی. ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﻘﻞ اﻟﺮوﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮاوی وﺗﻘﯿﯿﺪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻪ، ای اﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﻧﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاوی اﻟﯽ ﻗﺎرﺋﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮواﯾﺔ، ﻟﯿﺠﺮی اﻟﺴﺮد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﺆرة، ﺗﺤﺪد اﻃﺎر اﻟﺮوﯾﺔ وﺗﻘّﯿ ﺪه، ﮐﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﯽ ﻟﺘﻀﯿﯿﻖ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻹدراک ﻟﻠﺬات اﻟﻤﺪرﮐﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﻨﺎد اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﺮدی ﻧﻈﺮﯾﺎ اﻟﯽ اﻟﺮاوی او اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺔ اﻟﺮواﺋﯿﺔ. ﻇﻬﺮت ﻫﺬه اﻟﺘﻘﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﯽ ﯾﺪ ﻣﻨ ّﻈﺮ اﻟﺴﺮدﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﻨﯿﻮی واﻟﻨﺎﻗﺪ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ، ﺟﯿﺮار ﺟﯿﻨﯿﺖ، اﻟﺬی اﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر اﻟﺴﺮدی واﻟﺮوﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﺮدﯾﺔ. ﯾﺴﻌﯽ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻠﻲ، ﻟﺘﻠﻤّ ﺲ ﺗﺠﻠّ ﯿﺎت اﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ رواﯾﺔ دﻓﺎﺗﺮ اﻟﻮراق ﻟﻠﺮواﺋﻲ اﻷردﻧﻲ، ﺟﻼل ﺑﺮﺟﺲ، ﻧﻈﺮاً ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ رواﯾﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺪد ﻟﻠﺼﯿﻎ، واﻟﺮوی اﻟﺴﺮدﯾﺔ، وﺗﻨﻮع اﻟﺸﺨﻮص، واﻹﯾﺪﯾﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎت؛ اذ ﺗﻌﮑﺲ اﻧﻬﯿﺎر ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎزﯾﺔ واﻟﺒﯿﺮوﻗﺮﻃﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺬرة ﻋﻠﯽ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺸﯿﻦ واﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﻬﻮرة اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﯽ اﻣﺮﻫﺎ، واﺗﺴﺎع اﻟﺘﻔﺎوﺗﺎت اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ، واﻟﻔﻮارق اﻟﻄﺒﻘﯿﺔ، ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ، وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﯽ اﻣﺎﻃﺔ اﻟﻠﺜﺎم ﻋﻦ ﻣﺂﺳﻲ اﻟﻤﺪن واﻟﺘﻤﯿﯿﺰ واﻟﺸﻘﺎء ﺗﺤﺖ ﺟﻠﺪ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺒﺎﺋﺲ، وﺗﺒﻠﻮر اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻧﻤﺎط ﺳﻠﻮﮐﯿﺎت اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮواﯾﺔ. ﻣﻦ اﻫﻢ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﯿﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ، ان اﻟﺮاوی اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺴﺮدی ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر داﺧﻠﻲ، وﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﻐﻞ ﻓﻲ دواﺧﻞ اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﺎردة، ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺆدی اﻟﯽ اﻧﺸﺎء ﻋﺎﻟﻢ واﻗﻌﻲ ﺳﺤﺮی، واﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻐﺮض ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﺎره اﻟﺮواﺋﻲ، ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺎً ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺮاوی اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة اﻵﻓﺎق، واﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﻟﺘﻤﮑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺮود ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﯽ اﻓﻌﺎل اﻟﺸﺨﺼﯿﺎت واﻗﻮاﻟﻬﺎ وﻧﻔﺴﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﺮاوی اﻟﻌﻠﯿﻢ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻖ، واﻟﺘﺒﺌﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺒﺆر ﻟﺘﮑﻮﯾﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﺪﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺮاوی وﺷﺨﻮﺻﻪ اﻟﺘﺨﯿﯿﻠﯿﺔ، ﻟﺤﺚّ اﻟﻘﺎرئ ﻋﻠﯽ ﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﺮاءة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻠﻖ ﺗﺴﺎوﻻت وﻏﻤﻮض ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻃﻨﻪ وﺗﺰوﯾﺪه ﺑﻤﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻼت ﻋﻦ ﻋﻮاﻟﻢ ودواﺧﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺎت اﻟﺮواﯾﺔ.

examining the effects of focalization in the novel the papers based on the theory of girard jeanette

focalization is one of the characteristics of the point of view in the narrative, which is defined based on the speech, emotional reaction and actions of the characters. french structuralist theorist and critic gerard genet was able to present a new division in this field. he raises the point of view and time as two important categories in narration to prove the category of who narrates? and from whose point of view is the story told? and of course, the discontinuity of time that governs this narrative spectrum has caused the story to be narrated in different positions by multiple narrators and from different angles. and therefore, the dominant form and shape of the angle of view in it, unlike classic stories, is constantly fluctuating and changing. based on analytical-descriptive method, this research tries to investigate the methods of focalization in the novel the offices of papers by jalal burgess. based on the results of this research, the author uses the internal focalization technique to show the space of the story from the internal approach and penetration into the inner world of the narrator characters (ebrahim al-waraq, inner voice, laili dokhtar parvesgah, mrs. narda) and the external focalization technique in order to process and construct the narration is based on the information and the limited horizon of the narrator (mahmoud al-shamousi) and zero focalization to make the reader aware of the behavior, speech and mental aspect of the characters of the story through the technique of the knowledgeable narrator, as well as the technique of multiple focalization as an approach to create a dialectical relationship between the narrator and the elements of the story have been used and he has used these aforementioned techniques in order to create motivation, question and ambiguity in the mind of the audience and increase his knowledge of the inner world of the narrators.