تحول معنای‌ اجتماعی-فضایی در خانه‌های اراک ( بررسی تطبیقی الگوی فعالیت‌ها و روابط اجتماعی در خانه‌های سنتی درون‌گرا و خانه‌های تک واحدی معاصر اراک)

خانه به‌عنوان نهادی اجتماعی اثر زیادی بر زندگی ساکنانش دارد و موضوع پیچیده‌ای است که جنبه‌‌های مختلفی دارد. امروزه در خانه اغتشاش و تداخل میان فعالیت‌های روزمره افراد و تاثیر آن بر روابط اجتماعی درون خانوادگی و برون خانوادگی و عدم تناسب و ارتباط مناسب میان الگوی فعالیت‌ها و روابط افراد از سویی و از سوی دیگر فضاهای خانه منجر به نارضایتی ساکنین شده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی آن دسته از تحولات معنایی است که مربوط به الگوی فعالیت‌ها روزمره و روابط اجتماعی است. در این پژوهش روش ‌تاریخی برای بررسی خانه‌های سنتی و روش مردم‌نگاری برای خانه‌های معاصر به‌کار رفته است. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در الگوی فعالیت‌های افراد؛ شیوه‌های تفریح، نحوه انجام وتقسیم کار، نحوه تنظیم زمان، تولید مواد غذایی در خانه و سیستم بهداشتی و روابط اجتماعی درون و برون تغییرات صورت گرفته است. این تغییرات همراه با تغییرات فضایی بوده است. بنابراین معنای اجتماعی‌  فضایی در این بخش از معنا که مرتبط با فعالیت‌ها و روابط اجتماعی است در خانه‌های معاصر به وجود آمده است؛ به‌گونه‌ای که در برخی فضاها، معنای اجتماعی فضایی به کلی تغییر کرده است، برخی در امتداد معنای گذشته است مانند جایگاه پدر در خانواده. از معانی اجتماعی فضایی که در شکلی جدید هنوز به حیات خود ادامه می‌دهند می‌توان به اثرات فضایی اجتماعی آن اشاره کرد. معانی اجتماعی فضایی به کلی تغییر کرده‌اند می‌توان به جایگاه زن در خانه و نمود فضایی اجتماعی آن اشاره کرد. از سوی دیگر این تحولات در سطوح مختلف از الگوی فعالیت‌ها تا ویژگی‌های کالبدی خانه را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است؛ مواردی چون اهمیت شی محوری در تقابل با فضا محوری، تضعیف نقش شکل و هندسه فضا، تمایل به فضاهای بسته به‌جای فضاهای باز و فردگرایی نمونه‌هایی از این تحولات می‌باشد.

Evolution of Socio spatial Meaning in Iranian Houses: Comparative Study of Arak’s Traditional Houses and Contemporary Single family Houses

Considered a multiaspect and complex issue, a house is a social institution that has major effects on the lives of its dwellers. Today, turbulence and interference of people’s daily activities and their effects on intrafamily and extrafamily social relations, and lack of appropriate relations between patterns of personal relations and allocated spaces to houses have led to dwellers’ dissatisfaction. The main goal of this study is to investigate those semantic changes, pertaining to patterns of daily activities and social relations. In this research, historical and ethnographic methods are employed to study traditional and contemporary houses respectively. Results show there have been changes in people’s activity pattern, entertainment programs, doing and dividing works, time management, health care system, domestic food production and intrafamily and extrafamily social relationships.These changes have occurred along with spatial changes; therefore, the sociospatial meaning of the part related to social relationships and activities has been integrated into contemporary houses; in a way so that in some spaces the sociospatial meaning is totally changed, in some spaces the new meaning, in line with the past meaning, has gained a new form and in some others the same past meaning is retained. Among sociospatial meanings which survive in new forms, one can point to the role of father in the family and its sociospatial effects. Among the totally changed meanings, we can mention the role of woman at home and its sociospatial impacts. On the other hand, these changes have affected, with varying degrees, different things from the patterns of activities to physical features of houses. Issues like objectorientation significance vs. spaceorientation, weakened role of spatial form and geometry, tendency for closed spaces vs. open ones and individuality are instances of these changes.House as one of the noble human heritage has always been considered from various angles and as a social institution has a great effect on the lives of its inhabitants. And alongside human life, which has many challenges and complexities, the house is also a complex subject with different semantic layers. Considering the fact that the house as a social institution has a high status in society, therefore, social meaning among other meanings of the house is of particular importance. Therefore, in this research, how this meaning is defined in the spaces of the house is dealt with. The turmoil and interference between the activities of people who are today most likely to be seen in homes indicates the inappropriateness and proper relationship between the pattern of activities of individuals and the home spaces. On the other hand, the lack of proper understanding of the pattern of current activities of individuals led to the design of spatial disparities with the pattern of activities in most homes, which led to residents’ dissatisfaction. Because social cultural categories are always created in a long time, it seems that what we see today is created in a historical context. In fact, in order to better understand the current situation, this relationship should be measured in traditional homes so that we can correct the defects by comparing what we are seeing today. In this way, the relationship between the pattern of activities and the spaces of traditional and contemporary houses and the sociospatial meaning of the subject followed up by the study is measured in a selection of traditional and contemporary houses in Arak. In this research, a historical method has been used to study traditional houses and ethnographic methods for contemporary houses. Historically, data collection has been used through interviews with the old residents of these houses and the observation of the building (field method) as well as the documents of the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, and also ethnographic studies and historical sociology. The data of contemporary houses in Arak are also gathered through ethnographic method and participatory observation. Changes in homes are investigated in four factors: activities, social relationships, time, and spatialphysical characteristics in homes. Then, by comparing these four factors and data tables, sociospatial changes in these homes were obtained. The comparative comparison of traditional and contemporary houses in Arak shows that a change has occurred in the sociospatial sense of the house. It is important to note that the transformation of meaning in all the spaces and activities is not the same, so that in some spaces the socialspatial meaning has completely changed. In some spaces, along with the meaning of the past, a new meaning has been found, and in others, the same meaning in the past is spilled in space.