بررسی عوامل موثر بر کارکرد فضای نیمه‌باز خصوصی واحدهای مسکونی شهر تهران

گسترش شهرنشینی و رشد جمعیت شهرها میزان تقاضای مسکن را افزایش داده و به تبع آن موجب افزایش ارزش افتصادی زمین شده است. به دلیل بالاتر بودن ارزش اقتصادی فضاهای بسته نسبت به فضاهای باز و نیمه‌باز و با توجه به الگو برداری‌های شتاب‌زده و فاقد تامل از الگوهای غربی، سطح فضاهای باز و نیمه‌باز در فضاهای مسکونی، به‌خصوص در الگوهای آپارتمانی، کاهش یافته است. در نتیجه کاهش ارتباط انسان با محیط طبیعی پیرامون، امنیت روانی انسان به مخاطره افتاده و انرژی و سلامت انسان تا حد زیادی تحت‌تاثیر قرار گرفته است. با در نظر گرفتن اهمیت و نیازمندی انسان به ارتباط با محیط طبیعی و تاثیر آن بر خصوصیات روحی و فیزیکی افراد، توجه به فضاهای نیمه‌باز امری ضروری است. اصلاح شرایط و ارائه راهکارهایی جهت گسترش فضاهای نیمه‌باز در ساختمان‌های مسکونی متداول نیازمند آسیب شناسی وضع موجود و شناخت عواملی است که مانع ارتقاء کیفی فضاهای مسکونی می‌شوند. یکی از راهکارهای موثر در شناخت وضع موجود، استفاده از فضای نیمه‌باز و باز خصوصی در ساختمان‌های مسکونی شهر تهران و آسیب‌شناسی آن، کسب آراء و نظرات استفاده‌کنندگان از فضا است. به‌دلیل اهمیت این موضوع در کلان شهرها، تمرکز تحقیق بر شهر تهران بوده است. بر همین اساس، پس از بررسی و معرفی فضاهای نیمه باز و شاخص‌های موثر بر استفاده آن، با بررسی 30 نمونه، میزان استفاده از فضاهای نیمه باز خصوصی و دلایل عدم استفاده از آن، به صورت میدانی و با استفاده از پرسشنامه (مصاحبه با ساکنین) مشاهده و تعیین شد. براساس نتایج به دست آمده، بیش از 80 درصد از ساکنین، به‌دلیل عدم وجود حریم شخصی و شکل‌گیری نامناسب فضا، استفاده موثری از فضای نیمه‌باز موجود نمی‌کنند. طبق بررسی‌ها، اشراف به اطراف را می‌توان مهم ترین علت در عدم استفاده از فضای مورد نظر دانست.

A Study on Semi Openprivate Spaces Function in Residential Units of Tehran

Iran contemporary architecture, with good approximation, is the result of economical, social and cultural changes of the country over time. Perhaps, architecture of special monuments such as a cinema and national library, were influenced by one or several factors and even affected by the prevalent international architectural styles; but in case of residential buildings architecture, less clear and pervasive traces of such styles can be tracked. Residential architecture in Iran is nowadays gradually finding a quite internalbiased identity, which is the consequences of today’s internal social, cultural, and economic realities of the country compared to international factors. In other words, the new internalbiased identity is neither directly influenced by traditional architecture nor affected by international models. On the other hand, urban development and population growth in cities, have increased demand for residential units and resulted in increasing land price. As open and semiopen spaces are less valuable comparing with close spaces in buildings, open and semiopen spaces are going to decreased in residential buildings. This issue has intensified to follow western models. Based on the relationship between human needs and the natural environment and its impact on physical and psychological characteristics of individuals, creating semiopen spaces in architectural design is in priority. The research method is based on library and field study. On the first step, the factors of appropriate semiopen spaces have been identified. Definition of open and semi open spaces through regulations and criteria, theoretical studies and urban design rules are the main references regarding to this issue. Increasing the quality and quantity of open spaces in residential buildings is depended on evaluating the function of semiopen spaces in them. Field study through observation and interview by residences is an appropriate method to understand the effective factors. One of its strategies is identifying the status of private open space and residential buildings in Tehran, studying the potentials and constraints and achieving the votes and comments of users of the space. Therefore, by a review of 30 cases, the use of semiprivate buildings and factors related to effectiveness were determined. According to the results, over 80% of the population experience the lack of privacy and poor formation of space to create effective use of existing open space. According to studies, aristocracy can be the most common cause of lack of space and the most trivial security housing units do not use the space as desired. Units which is located in upper classes have less problem in terms of visibility and nobility, and their greatest difficulty is with the opposite units located close to the altitude. Another important issue that affects the inadequate functioning of semiopen spaces is the creation of favorable qualitative conditions in semiopen spaces. Semiopen spaces in the examined samples often do not have the proper view and perspective; in addition, their dimensions and proportions are not suitable. For example, in most of these cases, there is no possibility to place large pots or tables or chairs or tools such as barbeques. This is often due to the low width or generally low area of the semiopen spaces. Failure to provide adequate safety in the abseils is another factor affecting the performance of midrange spaces. The inappropriate shape of the dwelling or lack of proper height is one of the most important factors. It is seen that semispaces are replaced with warehouses, drycleaners or satellite dishes as result of lacking indoor spaces and inadequacy of the spaces. Access to suitable spaces and considering climatic conditions are other important factors in the functioning of semiopen spaces, which are less important for users than other factors. The upperclass units of intermediate and highrise buildings have less security in terms of security. Therefore, Security is known as the most important factor in the eyes of the residents. So that the villa buildings, as well as the first and second floor units in the apartments, were faced with the problem of security of the semiopen spaces. Generally understanding, application of Iranian traditional architecture is one of basic goals which should be considered. The Iranian architecture has, for the following reasons, developedin different time intervals or even different positional conditions under influence of two completely distinct factors: modernity and tradition. Modernity and tradition both have their high values and both of them should be considered.