تبیین مولفه‌های دلبستگی به مکان در مقیاس محله و شهر و تحلیل تعمیم پذیری آن؛ نمونه موردی: محله تاریخی سرخاب تبریز

مقاله حاضر در برخورد با مساله تضعیف پیوند انسان مکان، در تلاش است تا ضمن بررسی نظریات و چارچوب سه گانه مدل «دلبستگی به مکان» (فرد، فرآیند، مکان)، به دو سوال اصلی زیر پاسخگو باشد: 1 نحوه سنجش مدل دلبستگی به مکان چگونه هست؟ 2 برای ارتقاء دلبستگی ساکنین به محله‌های مرکزی، کدام بعد دلبستگی بیشتر تاثیرگذار است؟ هدف تحقیق، ارائه مدل دلبستگی به مکان، نحوه سنجش ابعاد آن و تاکید بر ارتقاء میزان دلبستگی ساکنین به محله‌های مرکزی بیشتر از مقیاس شهر می‌باشد. مدل دلبستگی به مکان، در سه شکل (افراد، ابعاد و مناطق) متفاوت و تعمیم‌ناپذیر و در آیتم‌های موجود در ابعاد آن (سه بعد شناختی، عاطفی و رفتاری)، تعمیم‌پذیر می‌باشد. تحقیق به روش پیمایشی و تطبیقی در دو مقیاس محله و شهر، به شیوه پرسشنامه در میان ساکنین محله مرکزی تاریخی (سرخاب) شهر تبریز انجام گرفت. یافته‌های آزمون نشان داد که میزان شناخت، عاطفه و در کل دلبستگی در مقیاس شهر بیشتر از محله می‌باشد. یافته‌های این تحقیق تاکید بیشتری بر مقیاس محله نسبت به مقیاس شهر با هدف ارتقاء دلبستگی ساکنین به محله مرکزی دارد. بررسی‌ها در میان ابعاد مدل دلبستگی به مکان آشکار کرد که برای هر دو مقیاس محله و شهر، میزان بعد شناختی بیش از میزان بعد عاطفی می‌باشد. برای ارتقاء دلبستگی به محله، شناخت محله بیشتر تاثیرگذار است. در این میان عوامل فردی نیز همچون گروه‌های سنی، جنسیت، وضعیت تاهل و میزان تحصیلات ارتباط سازگاری را با میزان دلبستگی به محله و شهر ارائه می‌دهند. نتایج این یافته‌ها علی‌رغم نظریات رایج بیشتر مطالعات، با هدف ارتقاء میزان دلبستگی به محله‌های مرکزی و پایداری آن، توجه بیشتر متخصصین و برنامه‌ریزان شهری به بعد کالبدی محله و تقویت تصویر ذهنی ساکنین از محله می‌طلبد.

Explaining the Determinants of “Place Attachment” at the Scales of the Neighborhood and the City and Analyzing its Generalizability, Case Study: Historical Neighborhood of Sorkhab, Tabriz

Three main components of a place form this construct: evaluations, activities, and physical attributes. Place attachment involves positively experienced bonds, sometimes occurring without awareness, that are developed over time from the behavioral, affective, and cognitive ties between individuals and groups and their sociophysical environment. Weakening of human place transaction is related to globalization, place mobility and environmental problems, bond and attachment to place (General Psychology) and behavioral issues. A general model of neighborhood attachment undoubtedly requires analyzing personenvironment transactions by considering a larger amount of neighborhoods, in order to control the effect of specific areas. The research method is a descriptiveadaptive survey based on the study of documents that has been recently published in the context of measurement of places attachment. At the same time, a preliminary study has been performed in order to further recognize the location of the target place as well as to analyze the physical and social issues of that place for sample selection. The sampling of residents has been done with the method of clustering in which one hundred people have been chosen. In this study, the dependent variables are the place attachment (cognitive and emotional aspects) and the scale of the location (region and city). The neighborhood attachment is embedded in the relationships between physical, cognitive, affective and behavioral aspects of peopleresidential environment transactions. The cognitive component of neighborhood attachment is multifaceted, being related to architectural, social and functional features. The affective component of neighborhood attachment increases with a growth of pleasant and arousing places, and the decrease of gloomy places in the neighborhood and the behavioral aspect has to do with the possibility to find places for socialization and leisure activities. Understanding the relationship between place attachment and place identity and activity characteristics is useful for planners, urban designers in making livability the meaningful urban places. The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between people and their residential environment by construct of place, in order to get indications for neighborhood improvement coming from real experiences for residents. The few studies considered more than one type of place demonstrate which means that attitudes towards place and their predictors may differ depending on the place scale. The previous researches reported a curvilinear, U shaped, relationship between scale of place and strength of place attachment. Neighborhood tended to attract fewer emotions than home or city. This paper is trying to study the theories and the organized framework of “place attachment” model. It also presents the findings of new researches about sociodemographic factors that influence on place attachment, its relationship to identity and place dependence and models for evaluating assumptions. The results to measure the validity and generalizability of items and dimensions of “place attachment” model, provide identity and place dependence as two dimensions of place attachment that the model, in three forms (people, dimensions and areas) are different and in the items of dimensions are generalizable. More, the finding of tests conducted in the central neighborhood of Tabriz showed that residents of historicalcentral areas feel more attached to their neighborhood and this effect cannot generalize to the attachment to the city. We found that there is direct relationship between cognitive and emotional dimensions of attachment to the neighborhood. The socialmeaning factors in neighborhood scale and physical factors in city scale are such factors that influence on the place attachment. In addition, the residents in this neighborhood are mainly from a mediumlow class, and this probably affects the choice of the residential environment, their cognitions, affect, and activities. Applicable solutions of the place attachment model in the sample of residential regions, especially in the cultural and historical contexts, indicates that considering the indexes of cognitive aspect of the model, it requires to create memorable spaces and increase the knowledge of people about their region in order to increase the place attachment of people to their region. On the other hand, making the physical spaces legible, for example removal of unrelated functions, making sufficient lightening with the aim of increasing the sense of security, increasing the green spaces, decreasing the closeness and limited visibility (Pattern or scheme), as well as the preservation and restoration of historical and cultural value of neighborhoods, for example rehabilitation of the neighborhood center, restoration and improvement of gates, Sorkhab market, improvement single monuments to maintain their identity and making selfconfidence (the results of attachment to place) in the residents of neighborhoods and historical neighborhoods are meaningful for their residents.