بررسی تنوع ژنتیکی توده‌های گندم نان از لحاظ صفات زراعی و نشانگرهای مولکولی ssr

ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﻫﺪف: ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﯽ ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی ﺑﻪﻧﮋادی و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﺗﻮارﺛﯽ اﻣﺮی ﺿﺮوری اﺳﺖ و ﯾﮏ ﮔﺎم ﮐﻠﯿﺪی در ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎری ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ و در ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ارﻗﺎم ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روشﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺑﺮآورد ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد ﮐﻪ از آن ﻣﻮارد ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژی و ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎی dna اﺷﺎره ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ: ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر در اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ 25 ﺗﻮده ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺎن از ﻧﻈﺮ 23 ﺻﻔﺖ زراﻋﯽ و 20 ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ssr ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺷﺪ. آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﯽ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪای در ﺳﺎل 1395-96 در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮکﻫﺎی ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺗﮑﺮار در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ دﯾﻢ و آﺑﯿﺎری آﺧﺮ ﻓﺼﻞ در ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ و آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎهﻫﺎی ﭘﺮدﯾﺲ ﮐﺸﺎورزی و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازی ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮا درآﻣﺪ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ اﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﯽداری ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮای اﮐﺜﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺖ. ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪای ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ و ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪای ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از آن ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺷﻤﺎره 18 ،15 ،6 ،13 ،2 و 10 ﺑﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎی ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت زراﻋﯽ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی اﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺷﻤﺎره 11 ،24 ،3، 12 و 16 ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺿﻌﯿﻒﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺻﻔﺎت زراﻋﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از 20 ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ssr، 16 ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ آﻏﺎزﮔﺮی ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. درﺻﺪ ﭼﻨﺪﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﮐﻞ 93/75 ﺑﺮآورد ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎی xgwm350-7d ،xcfd168-2d و xgwm136-1a ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪ درﺻﺪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ، ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد آﻟﻞ، ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﺎﻻی ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎی ﻣﺤﺘﻮی اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﭼﻨﺪﺷﮑﻠﯽ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮی، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ و ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻻی ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﻮارﻫﺎی ﭼﻨﺪﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮔﻨﺪم در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻌﺪی ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻨﻮع درون ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﯿﻦ ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد. ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪای ﺑﻪ روش upgma ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎی ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﮐﺎرد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی 25 ﺗﻮده ﮔﻨﺪم ﻧﺎن در ﭼﻬﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎت اﺻﻠﯽ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺷﻤﺎره 3 ،1 و 25 ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺷﻤﺎره 7 ،13 و رﻗﻢ ﭘﯿﺸﮕﺎم داﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﯽﺗﻮان اﻧﺘﺨﺎب واﻟﺪﯾﻦ از اﯾﻦ دو ﮔﺮوه را ﺑﺮای ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی اﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪﮔﯿﺮی: ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت زراﻋﯽ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺷﻤﺎره 18 ،15 ،6 ،13 ،2 و 10 ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی ﺑﺮﺗﺮی ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﯿﻦ آنﻫﺎ، ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ و داﺧﻠﯽ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. در ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺗﻨﻮع ژﻧﺘﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎ، آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎی xgwm350-7d ،xcfd168-2d و xgwm136-1a ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦ آﻏﺎزﮔﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮای ﮔﻨﺪم در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻌﺪی ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎی ﺑﺎ ﭘﻠﯽﻣﻮرﻓﯿﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻻ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎ و ﺗﻮدهﻫﺎی دارای ﺑﺎﻧﺪﻫﺎی ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد در اﻟﮕﻮی ﻧﻮارﺑﻨﺪی ﻧﯿﺰ از ارزش ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎی اﺻﻼﺣﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل، ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ژنﻫﺎی ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺮای ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎی زﯾﺴﺘﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮزﯾﺴﺘﯽ در ﮔﻨﺪم و ارﺗﻘﺎء ارﻗﺎم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آن ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ.

investigation of genetic diversity of bread wheat accessions in terms of agronomic traits and ssr molecular markers

extended abstractintroduction and objective: the study of genetic diversity in crops is essential for breeding programs and conservation of heritage resources and is a key step in assessing the adaptation of the population to new environmental conditions and thus the selection of new cultivars. there are various methods for estimating genetic diversity in different plant species, including the use of morphological traits and dna markers.material and methods: for this purpose, in this study, genetic diversity between 25 bread wheat accessions in terms of 23 agronomic traits and 20 ssr molecular markers was investigated. a field experiment was conducted in 2016-2017 in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in rainfed and irrigation at the end of the growing season conditions in the research farm and laboratories of the faculty of agriculture and natural resources of razi university.results: the results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the accessions for most of the studied traits. based on the results of cluster analysis, the accessions were divided into four groups. the results of comparing the mean and cluster analysis showed that accessions 2, 13, 6, 15, 18 and 10 were the best accessions based on agronomic characteristics, which can be suggested for breeding programs, and in contrast to accessions 3, 24, 11, 12 and 16 as the weakest accessions in terms of the studied agronomic traits were identified. in assessing the genetic diversity of the populations using 20 ssr markers, 16 primers with suitable polymorphisms were selected. the percentage of total polymorphism was estimated to be 93.75. xcfd168-2d, xgwm350-7d and xgwm136-1a primers with 100% polymorphism, maximum number of alleles, high amount of polymorphic information content indices, marker index, effective multiplex ratio index and resolving index due to the high proliferation of bands and the production of high polymorphic bands, they were introduced as the most suitable primers for wheat in subsequent studies. molecular analysis of variance showed that the degree of diversity within the groups was greater than the diversity between the groups. the results of cluster analysis by upgma method based on jaccard similarity coefficient led to the classification of 25 bread wheat accessions in four different groups, which showed high agreement with the results of analysis to the main coordinates, and finally accessions 1, 3 and 25 had the greatest genetic distance with accessions 13 , 7 and pioneer cultivars, so it is possible to suggest the selection of parents from these two groups for breeding programs.conclusion: evaluation of agronomic characteristics showed that accessions 2, 13, 6, 15, 18 and 10 are superior accessions, among which, oxides of external and internal origin were observed. in evaluating the genetic diversity of the accessions, the primers xcfd168-2d, xgwm350-7d and xgwm136-1a were identified as the most suitable primers for wheat in subsequent studies. markers with high polymorphism as well as markers and accessions with unique bands in the banding pattern are also of great value for breeding programs, for example, identifying genes useful for resistance to various biological and abiotic stresses in wheat and promoting its various cultivars.