نظریۀ عمومی حقوق اسلامی محیط ‌زیست؛ مبانی ایدئولوژیک و قواعد فقهی

دو رویکرد در ساختار نظام حقوق اسلامی دربارۀ انسجام و ربط مقررات مربوط به هر باب وجود دارد. رویکرد مسئله‌محور، حکمی مستقل را از مسائل دیگر همان باب برای هر مسئلۀ فرعی تعقیب می‌کند. رویکرد مجموعه‌محور، مبانی و اصول عام منسجم و هدفمندی با لحاظ جهان‌بینی، اهداف و روش‌های منطبق با اندیشۀ اسلامی و احیاناً استفاده از دانش تجربی را برای مجموع مسائل ذیل هر باب می‌پذیرد که حکم مسائل فرعی از آنها تبعیت می‌کند؛ این مبانی و اصول را «نظریۀ عمومی» می‌نامند. بررسی مبانی ایدئولوژیک، اصول سیاست‌گذاری و قواعد و احکام فقهی آن در باب «حقوق اسلامی محیط ‌زیست» برای استنباط نظریۀ عمومی حقوق محیط ‌زیست، لازم است. در پژوهش حاضر، مبانی ایدئولوژیک حقوق اسلامی محیط ‌زیست، به روش توصیفی‌تحلیلی و با بررسی بنیادهای هستی‌شناسی و جهان‌بینی توحیدی، تحلیل شده‌اند. سپس با توجه به منابع استنباط حقوق اسلامی، اصول سیاست‌گذاری و احکام و قواعد فقهی مربوط به حفاظت و بهره‌برداری از محیط زیست بررسی شده‌اند. جمع‌آوری اطلاعات و داده‌ها به‌صورت کتابخانه‌ای است.

The General Theory of Islamic Environmental Law; Ideological Principles and Jurisprudential Regulations

Abstract Environmental law is not a science merely related to the experimental sciences and engineering. Ideology and the way to describe ‘man’s relationship with the universe’ possess a fundamental role in policymaking for the environment. All possible measures towards the environment fall into three areas: values (policymaking principles), requirements (rights and duties), and methods (executive methods, technical engineering measures).  Values and requirements are mainly discussed in Islamic environmental law. Methods are also explained in Islam to some extent; however, the nature of methods is the scientific and experimental measures. The present study was conducted using a descriptiveanalytical method with a library data collection procedure. Through examining the foundations of monotheistic ontology and relying on the principle of the substantive movement, this study investigated ideological bases, policymaking principles, and jurisprudential rules and regulations concerning the protection and exploitation of the environment. They constitute the three structural layers of the general theory of Islamic environmental law. According to the monotheistic worldview, man is a part of the creation system as well as God’s vicegerent on the earth. For the good of man’s succession, a coordinated and networklike set of rights and duties have been established. God has ordered the balance in the environment and the whole system of creation as a sign of His wisdom and blessing, and any action disturbing this balance is a violation of divine commands and the rights of other creatures and human beings. It is from this principle that one finds the obligation of maintaining environmental health and preventing its pollution. The principle of policymaking is the second layer of Islamic environmental law. It determines guidelines for developing regulations and executive guarantees of Islamic environmental law whose most important ones are the following: ‘the environment and natural resources are trusts at the disposal of human beings’, the entitlement of inhuman elements, the purposefulness of development based on the principle of human succession, environmental justice, sovereignty and universality of the environment, limitation of human power, the principle of environmental caution, and network priority. The third layer of Islamic law is the environment, rules, and regulations. The decrees of jurisprudence are those macrorules that determine some do’s and don’ts in environmental laws and possess a superstructure relationship with foundations and principles. The most important of them include forbiddance of extravagance, forbiddance of oppression over other creatures, observance of expediency, the obligation of environmental commanding to good and forbiddance of evil, and forbiddance of disrupting the social system in the whole system of creation. These rules form the indispensable laws. It is noteworthy that some of these rules or principles such as the principle of precaution or the rights of other creatures to a healthy environment are being planned in international environmental or human rights documents and treaties, such as the Rio or Stockholm Declaration, while these concepts are present in the bases of Islamic environmental laws.