تساوی سلاح ها از منظر فقه و قوانین جمهوری اسلامی ایران

از اﻟﺰاﻣﺎت دادرﺳﯽ ﻋﺎدﻻﻧﻪ، ﺑﻪ رﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺗﺴﺎوی ﺳﻼح ﻫﺎﺳﺖ. ﺑﺪون ﺷﮏ، ﺑﺮﻗﺮاری ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ در روﻧﺪ دادرﺳﯽ ﻧﯿﺎزﻣﻨﺪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ دﻋﻮا از وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﺗﺴﺎوی ﺳﻼح ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ﺑﺮﺧﻮرداری ﻫﺎی ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﺻﺤﺎب دﻋﻮا از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از ﺣﯿﺚ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺑﯽﮔﻨﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺘّﻬﻢ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺰهﮐﺎر ﺑﻮدن ﻃﺮف ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﯾﮏ از اﺻﺤﺎب دﻋﻮا، ﻣﺤﺮوم از اراﺋﻪ ادﻟّﻪ و ﯾﺎ دﯾﮕﺮ اﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﯿﺪن ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ. ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺬﮐﻮر در ﻗﺮن ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻣﻄﺮح و ﻧﯿﺰ در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﻤﻬﻮری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺪان ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻟﮑﻦ از ﻣﺼﺎدﯾﻖ آن در ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. وﺟﻮد ﺧﻼء ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ آن از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ادﻟّﻪ ارﺑﻌﻪ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ را ﺿﺮوری داﻧﺴﺖ. ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﭘﯿﺶ رو ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل ﮐﺸﻒ ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ ﺗﺴﺎوی ﺳﻼح ﻫﺎ از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ اﺳﻼم، ﻟﺰوم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ آن و ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ آن اﺳﺖ. ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ادﻟّﻪ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از دﻟﯿﻞ ﻫﺎی ﭼﻬﺎرﮔﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﮕﺎم ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﺎن ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺟﻤﻬﻮری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺑﺎ ﻟﺰوم رﻋﺎﯾﺖ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ اﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﺸﺮوﻋﯿﺖ اﯾﻦ اﺻﻞ در روﻧﺪ دادرﺳﯽ، ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.

Equality of arms from the perspective of figh and laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran

No legislature can claim that the solution of all legal cases is provided for in the text of the law, and in no case does the judge face a legal vacuum for resolving disputes. Because various reasons, such as the novelty of the subject matter of the lawsuit, the legislator’s delay in enacting the required law, the legislator’s failure to enact a comprehensive law, etc., cause the legal system to face a legal vacuum at some point in time. In this case, two assumptions are conceivable. The first is that the lawsuit should be suspended until the required law is enacted, which is contrary to social order. Adopt the proposal and resolve the dispute and does not deny the realization of the right under the pretext of the vacuum of the law. Since the establishment of the judiciary in a new form in Iranian law, the legislature has always implied the legal vacuum by preferring the principle of the judge’s duty in favor of social order to impose a verdict based on a source other than the law. This source, which has changed over time, includes the spirit and contents of the subject laws, certain customs and habits, legal principles, valid Islamic sources and fatwas of valid jurists. In this article, the evolution of this issue is examined.