برداشت «رالز» از امر سیاسی

جان رالز، چهره ای تاثیرگذار در فلسفه سیاسی معاصر بوده است. او با رد فایده گرایی که مطابق آن، نهادهای عادلانه می باید حاصل جمع ارضای امیال را به حداکثر برسانند، شکل نوینی از نظریه قرارداد اجتماعی را صورت بندی می کند تا امکان جامعه بسامانی را نشان دهد که در آن، حقوق و آزادی های اساسی همه شهروندان فراهم است. هرچند بسیاری از مفسران، ارزش نظریۀ رالز را تصدیق کرده اند، یکی از انتقادهای جدی به رالز از زاویه مفهوم امر سیاسی و فقدان آن در نظریه او وارد شده است. در این مقاله، با بررسی آثار رالز به منظور تبیین برداشت او از امر سیاسی، به چنین انتقادی پاسخ داده می شود. بدین منظور، روش تحلیل مفهومی برای تحلیل مفاهیم و ایده هایی اساسی چون معقولیت و تعامل به مثل، به عنوان عناصر اصلی برداشت رالز از امر سیاسی به کار گرفته شده است. این تحلیل نشان می دهد که هسته عدالت به مثابه انصاف، حتی پیش از لیبرالیسم سیاسی، همان برداشت رالز از امر سیاسی بوده است. رالز با جدی گرفتن تمایز میان اشخاص و ملل، امر سیاسی را به مثابه شیوۀ معقول حفاظت از خود و دیگری در هر دو عرصۀ داخلی و بین المللی می بیند. درست است که این بیانگر یک برداشت هنجاری است، اما محتوای هنجاری این برداشت از بیرون به امر سیاسی تحمیل نشده است. یافته های این پژوهش نشان می دهد که تمایز میان برداشت سیاسی از عدالت و دیگر برداشت های اخلاقی نه تنها به تفاوت در قلمرو، بلکه به تفاوت در سرشت برداشت سیاسی مرتبط است.

rawls’s conception of the political

john rawls (1921-2002) has been rightly recognized as highly influential in contemporary political philosophy. rejecting utilitarianism according to which just institutions are to maximize the aggregate satisfaction of desires, rawls formulates a new version of the social contract theory in order to show the possibility of a well-ordered society in which the basic rights and liberties of all citizens as free and equal persons are provided. although being appreciated by many commentators as highly valuable, rawls rsquo;s theory has been criticized for lacking a clear conception of the political. to examine this view, rawls rsquo;s conception of the political must be fully understood. moreover, since the idea of a free-standing political conception of justice plays a fundamental role in the rawlsian theory of justice, the analysis of his conception of the political seems to be necessary and fruitful. the analysis of the fundamental ideas and concepts such as reasonableness and reciprocity, which we view as central to rawls rsquo;s theory of justice, shows that the core of justice as fairness, even before what is called his communitarian turn in political liberalism, is rawls rsquo;s conception of the political. taking the distinction between persons and peoples seriously, he considers the political as a reasonable way in which the preservation of the self and the other at both domestic and international level is ensured. although this reveals a normative conception, the normative content is not imported from outside the political; that is why justice as fairness can be a normative and moral conception, and yet political, independent of any comprehensive doctrines, liberal or whatever. keywords: john rawls, justice as fairness, the political, rationality, the relationship of self and other, reciprocity, chantal mouffe extensive abstractjohn rawls' theory of justice as fairness has been the focus of many studies in various fields since its initial presentation. the scope of these studies is to the extent that, according to some experts, rawls' political philosophy can be considered one of the theoretical fields of interdisciplinary research in fields such as moral philosophy, economics, and political science. however, his theory has also been subject to serious criticism. since this theory is known as a liberal theory, rawls has always been subject to criticism that has generally affected liberal views. criticism of the liberal understanding of politics is one of these cases. in this article, we have pointed out that politics for rawls implies a reasonable way of confronting the self and the other which has five dimensions: