نقش استعاره جنگ در مفهوم‌‌سازی هومر از سیاست

هدف این پژوهش آن است که به فهم و چرایی کاربرد استعاره های مفهومی در حوزه های مختلف سیاست که نمودی از حوزه عمومی است، با فراهم آوری مدل نظری جورج لیکاف و مارک جانسون بپردازد. گوهر سیاست با عمل در ارتباط است و از دو پیش فرض فرمان دهی و فرمان برداری و دوست و دشمن تشکیل می شود. غایت آن نیز ناگزیر از هدفی مشخص و دست یافتنی که همانا حفاظت از اجتماع و پیروزی در جنگ و سیاست است، استفاده می کند. بنابراین فرایند شناختی و مفهوم سازی سیاست به وسیله مقوله جنگ فراخوانده می شود. پرسش اصلی این است که مفهوم سازی سیاست در ایلیاد هومر بر چه استعاره های مفهومی استوار است. با مقوله سازی هشت حوزۀ حمله، دفاع، عقب نشینی، مانور، ضد حمله، بن بست، ترک مخاصمه و شکست/ پیروزی، یافته های تحقیق نشان می دهد که می توان استعاره های مفهومی را که بر اساس رویکرد حسی حرکتی و برآمده از ذهن بدنمند است، در دو مولفه »عمل « (جنگ) به عنوان گوهر سیاست و »سخن آرایی « مفهوم سازی کرد. بدین ترتیب حوزۀ مفهومی سیاست (مقصد) برحسب حوزۀ مفهومی جنگ (مبدا) فهمیده می شود.

the role of the war metaphor in homer’s conceptualization of politics

the aim of this research is to understand and explain the reasons behind the use of conceptual metaphors in various domains of politics, which is a manifestation of the public sphere, through the provision of the theoretical model of george lakoff and mark johnson. the essence of politics is connected to action and is composed of two premises: command and obedience, and friend and enemy. its ultimate goal is inevitably a specific and attainable objective, namely the protection of society and victory in war and politics. thus, the cognitive process and conceptualization of politics are invoked through the category of war. the primary question is: what conceptual metaphors underpin the conceptualization of politics in homer rsquo;s iliad? by categorizing eight domains mdash;attack, defense, retreat, maneuver, counterattack, stalemate, truce, and defeat/victory mdash;the findings of the research show that conceptual metaphors, based on the sensory motor approach and stemming from the embodied mind, can be conceptualized into two components: 'action' (war) as the essence of politics and 'rhetoric.' in this way, the conceptual domain of politics (target) is understood in terms of the conceptual domain of war (source). introductionin its broadest sense, lsquo;politics rsquo; is an activity through which people
determine, maintain, and reform the general rules governing their lives, thus closely intertwining it with phenomena of conflict and cooperation. to resolve the conflicts, disputes, and issues that arise, a necessary policy must be devised for overcoming them (heywood, 2021: 9). one possible way of resolving emerging issues and disputes is war. in war, the political arena is divided into two groups, friend/enemy (schmitt, 2021: 55), with each side attempting to address conflicting needs and opposing interests either through compromise or, ultimately, through warfare. the process, methods, and context for establishing such a framework closely relate to the nature of political science, which is concerned with the exercise of power, authority, collective decision making, and the allocation of scarce resources. the reflection of such actions, which manifests in the public sphere, society, and the political domain, is linked to language, mind, and culture. within this framework, the use of metaphorical expressions and the conceptualization of politics, aiming to convey and persuade audiences, emerges not only in daily life but also in political literature. thus, this study seeks to address the question of what lsquo;conceptual metaphors rsquo; underpin the conceptualization of politics in the iliad, attributed to homer, by identifying, analyzing, and interpreting its metaphorical expressions. research methodology this study is an applied research conducted using a qualitative exploratory approach, and the necessary data were gathered through a library based method. after transcribing the text and converting it into a lsquo;word rsquo; document, the corpus was analyzed using lsquo;corpus linguistics rsquo; as a field within linguistics focused on analyzing large collections of text data (litosseliti, 2017: 140). utilizing qualitative data analysis software, the corpus under study was coded, concepts were identified, and categories were established. theoretical framework metaphorical thought is pervasive in our mental lives, whether conscious or unconscious, and is commonplace and omnipresent (lakoff johnson, 2021: 286). the widespread presence of political language in society references the role and status of political ideology, particularly politics and its agents, within the political sphere and society. this presence encompasses two frameworks: agency and passivity, with influence being conveyed lsquo;indirectly rsquo; through the transfer of metaphorical concepts from the speaker to the audience. in the process of conceptual transfer, certain aspects of metaphorical expressions are highlighted, while some aspects of reality are obscured. understanding what is hidden by metaphor is linked to culture, values, and context, as metaphorical expressions drawn from the lsquo;source rsquo; are invoked to understand the lsquo;target rsquo; domain within a cultural framework and alternative prototypes (k ouml;vecses, 2020: 32 539). metaphorical structure, in fact, comprises an inter domain mapping between a source and a target domain, in which one is understood in terms of the other according to a left to right unidirectional principle (k ouml;vecses, 2019: 25), distinguishing it from lsquo;metonymy, rsquo; which is limited to a single domain (lakoff turner, 2020: 166).thus, when we consider politics as lsquo;war rsquo; or a lsquo;being, rsquo; we gain the capacity to quantify, categorize, and interpret it. within the structure of the conceptual metaphor system, the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to comprehend another domain is termed the source domain, while the domain being understood is termed the target domain. the source domain is generally more physical and concrete, while the target domain is more abstract and mental (croft cruse, 2019: 275). therefore, war is more concrete, physical, and tangible compared to politics. in the corpus of the iliadand the odyssey, after examining metaphorical expressions, the conceptual metaphor lsquo;politics is war rsquo; is identified. additionally, the key concept of both books is lsquo;war.figure 1:.the hierarchical model of the metaphor politics is war thus, the nature of politics is intertwined with war and the concepts of friend and enemy. a study of the iliad reveals that the conceptual metaphor politics is war serves as a tool for understanding the specific cognitive approach to the text in question. this demonstrates that metaphor is closely connected to the nature of language and politics, with roots in human creativity, ideology, and thought. figure 2.structural analogies between the concepts of war and politics and their linguistic realizations

warring parties	political leaders and combatants prepare themselves to attack or defend their viewpoints.
attack	a fateful conflict arose between agamemnon, son of atreus and king of the people, and achilles the brave, born of the lineage of gods.
defense	let one of us stand beside achilles in turn, supporting his strength and valor.
retreat	now it compels me to return to argos, shamed by having led so many men to ruin.
maneuver	for all power and strength belong to him [zeus].
counterattack	[achilles to agamemnon]: in arduous and fervent endeavors, it is my arms that accomplish the great deeds. but when it comes to the division of spoils, the best share is yours.
ceasefire/ victory/ defeat	o greeks, hold your hands, cast not your arrows; it appears that brave hector wishes to speak with us.

source: (see lakoff and johnson, 2021). research findingsquantitative findings from the corpus of the twenty four hymns in the iliad, approximately 152,640 words were analyzed, revealing that metaphors constitute about 13% of the text. using qualitative data analysis software, 565 codes were extracted, transformed into concepts, and ultimately categorized into eight stages. the frequency of linguistic metaphors is as follows: enemy (204), commander (143), battlefield (93), revenge (5), ambush (29), destruction and devastation (98), and victory (152).