تاثیر همزیستی میکوریزای آرباسکولار و شبه‌میکوریزای داخلی بر عملکرد دانه و برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک ژنوتیپ‌های نخود (cicer arietinum l.)

به منظور بررسی اثر تلقیح بذور ژنوتیپ های نخود با میکوریزای آرباسکولار و شبه‌میکوریزای داخلی بر روی عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک نخود، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 93-1392 به اجرا در آمد. فاکتور اصلی در سه سطح شامل میکوریزای آرباسکولار گونة glomus mosseae و شبه میکوریزای داخلی گونةpiriformospora indica و عدم مصرف کود و فاکتور فرعی شامل 9 ژنوتیپ نخود بود. نتایج نشان داد که g. mosseae از اواسط فصل رشد به‌طور معنی داری باعث افزایش سطح برگ و ماده خشک گیاه نخود گردید. ژنوتیپ mcc537 از اوایل فصل رشد از نظر سطح برگ و ماده خشک، برتری مشهودی نسبت به سایر ژنوتیپ ها داشت. میکوریزای آرباسکولار سبب افزایش معنی دار کلروفیل های a و b، کاروتنوئیدها و سبزینگی برگ گردید، اما سطوح میکوریزا تاثیر معنی داری بر روی میزان کلروفیل کل نداشتند. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل a در ژنوتیپ های mcc537، mcc427، mcc693 و mcc392، بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل کل در ژنوتیپ های mcc537، mcc427، mcc392، mcc693 و mcc80 به ترتیب به میزان 620/0، 612/0، 574/0، 564/0 و 562/0 میلی گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ، بیشترین مقدار کاروتنوئید در ژنوتیپ های mcc537، mcc427 و mcc392 و بالاترین شاخص سبزینگی به ترتیب به میزان 8/33، 7/31 و 9/29 در ژنوتیپ های mcc537، mcc427 و mcc392 مشاهده شد. بیشترین میزان عملکرد دانه در ژنوتیپ mcc537 و شرایط کاربرد g. mosseae مشاهده شد که در مقایسه با شرایط عدم مصرف قارچ 31 درصد بیشتر بود. در مجموع به نظر می رسد که میکوریزای آرباسکولار می تواند سبب بهبود خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک نخود شده و در بین ژنوتیپ های مورد بررسی، mcc537، mcc427 و mcc392 از نظر ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک مورد مطالعه برتری داشتند.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and pseudo-endo mycorrihza symbiosis on seed yield and some physiological responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes

IntroductionIt has been proven that microorganisms such as mycorrhiza and rhizobium can improve the nutrients absorption in crops such as chickpea. Rhizobiums are effective to provide nitrogen by biological form in crops and mycorrhizal fungi are involved to supply biological phosphorus to the plants. Among them, the endo myccorihza (or Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) that abbreviated VAM, in creation of symbiosis with the roots of crops such as legumes have been more successful. Of course, the mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium bacteria before create symbiosis with host plant, directly affect in the overlay in rhizosphere environment of host plant. Creating colonies in the roots by mycorrhizal fungi leads to conducive for forming nodulation of rhizobium. Studies have shown that the VAMs (which are newly named AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi)) are generally belongs to Zigomaycota groups and ectomyccorihza are mainly to Basidiomaycota. But recently a new species of Basidiomaycota has been identified with name of Piriformospora indica that acts as AMF and is an entophyte fungus (or pseudo endo mycorrihza). It seems that this symbiotic relationship between plants, mycorrhizal and rhizobium can be either normal or adverse environmental conditions, is effective in promoting the product of crop. In Iran, among pluses, chickpea has been allocated the most area under cultivation. Meanwhile, the average yield of irrigated and dryland chickpea is about 1000 and 500 kg ha1, respectively and Iran is located the lowest ranking among the countries producing this product. Thus, the triplet symbiosis of chickpea, mycorrhiza and rhizobium and also chickpea genotypes response to this symbiosis were examined in this research. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted to investigate the inoculation of Kabuli seeds of chickpea genotypes with arbuscular mycorrhiza and pseudo endo mycorhiza, in split plot by arrangement of two factors with a randomized complete block design and three replications in Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2014. Main plots were consisted of three levels of mycorhiza (arbuscular mycorhiza of Glomus mosseae, pseudo endo mycorhiza of Piriformospora indica and nonused mycorhiza) and sub plots were consisted of nine genotypes of chickpea: MCC80, MCC358, MCC361, MCC392, MCC427, MCC537, MCC693, MCC696 and MCC950. These genotypes had good yield potentials and selection and presented in the studies on germplasm from the Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad seed bank. Before the sowing, all seeds of genotypes were infected to the symbiotic rhizobium bacteria of chickpea. During the growing season, traits of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, SPAD readings and protein of plant tissues were measured and by measuring dry matter and leaf area, their process was investigated under different treatments. Also, at the end of the growing season, seed yield of genotypes was measured. Results and DiscussionThe results indicated that G. mosseae significantly increased seed yield and dry matter of chickpea since midseason upward compared to other treatments. Arbuscular mycorrhiza significantly increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, carotenoids and SPAD readings. Also the most protein of plant tissues belonged to the factor of arbuscular mycorrhiza in two genotypes of MCC537 and MCC427. The combined application of rhizobium and mycorrhiza increased leaf area index. Evaluation of leaf area index process at the end of the growing season showed an increase in the lower range of leaf area index curve in rhizobium and mycorrhiza treatments, which was not significant in the fifth sampling and was significant in the sixth sampling. Among study genotypes, MCC537 showed the highest seed yield and higher dry matter than other genotypes during the growing season at harvest time. The most content of carotenoids and SPAD readings were in genotypes of MCC537, MCC427 and MCC392. ConclusionIt seems that application of pseudo endo mycorrhiza had not significant effect on the absorption of seed yield in chickpea. But application of G. mosseae along with rhizobium can improve the physiological traits and seed yield of chickpea. Also, in a general conclusion, among the studied genotypes, MCC 537 and MCC 427 were better than the others.