ارزیابی بودجه انرژی تولید لوبیا (phaseolus vulgaris l) در نظام های زراعی مختلف در ایران

این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 3 تکرار در ایستگاه ملی تحقیقات لوبیای کشور واقع در خمین با هدف ارزیابی بودجه انرژی شدت‌های مختلف مصرف نهاده در ارقام مختلف لوبیا اجرا شد. شدت‌های مختلف مصرف نهاده؛ شامل اکولوژیک، تلفیقی، کم نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پر نهاده به‌عنوان کرت‌های اصلی و ارقام مختلف لوبیا (لوبیا سفید رقم درسا، لوبیا قرمز لاین امید بخش ks31169، لوبیا چیتی رقم صدری) به‌عنوان کرت‌های فرعی آزمایش بودند. برای ارزیابی شاخص‌های انرژی ابتدا مجموع انرژی خروجی، مجموع انرژی ورودی، انرژی دانه، انرژی کاه اندازه‌گیری و سپس شاخص‌های کارآیی انرژی، انرژی خالص، انرژی مخصوص، فشردگی انرژی، شدت انرژی تولیدی، مصرفی و جاری ارزیابی شد. مقدار انرژی ورودی در نظام های زراعی اکولوژیک، تلفیقی، کم نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پرنهاده به ترتیب 14121، 32432، 24260، 37118 و 57390 مگاژول در هکتار و انرژی خروجی در نظام های زراعی اکولوژیک، تلفیقی، کم نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پرنهاده به ترتیب 40135، 51382، 33824، 46417 و 60142 مگاژول در هکتار تخمین زده شد. بیشترین کارایی انرژی و کارایی زیست محیطی انرژی کمکی مربوط به نظام اکولوژیک رقم صدری به ترتیب به میزان 3.3 و 3.5 بود، که در مقایسه با نظام پرنهاده رقم صدری به‌ترتیب 155 و 169 درصد افزایش کارایی داشته است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد باوجود کاهش شدت انرژی تولیدی و شدت انرژی مصرفی نسبت به سایر نظام ها باعث کاهش کل ارزش خدمات کشاورزی اکولوژیک می شود؛ اما حرکت به سمت کشاورزی پایدار خدمات غیر بازاری بیشتری همچون حفظ سلامت نظام تولیدی و تولید غذای سالم را در بر خواهد داشت.

Energy budget of different input intensity for bean varieties

Extended Abstract;Introduction: Today, in all farming systems, the basic objective is to reduce dependence on auxiliary energy. Potential production of different agricultural ecosystems based on scientific research assists to improve the production efficiency. Since energy consumption is one of the most important necessities in different production systems (ecologic, lowinput, mediuminput, highinput and integrated), introduction of an efficient system of agriculture will contribution to the economic cycle of agriculture. So far, a few studies have been conducted to evaluate energy consumption of different production systems of beans in Iran, therefore this study examine energy budget of different input intensity for bean varieties. There have been many attempts to define agricultural sustainability in recent decades; In fact, the concept of sustainable agriculture has been common since the late twentieth century. But in the first decades of this century it was used as synonymous with terms such as organic agriculture, ecological, precision agriculture, biodynamic, organic and low input agriculture (DeKoeijer et al., 2002). The main objectives of sustainable agriculture are optimal production of food with increased quality and quantity of it, conserving water and soil conservation and increased economic benefits for farmers, agricultural activity accordance with ecological processes and environmental protection, the use of appropriate technologies, nondeployment of harmful inputs to the environment, human health and animal (Qiu et al., 2007). ;Materials and Methods: The experimental design was a split plot with five intensities of inputs: ecologic, lowinput, mediuminput, highinput and integrated comprising the main treatments, and different bean varieties (navy bean cv. Dorsa, kidney bean cv. Ks31169 and pinto bean cv. Sadri) as subtreatments that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2016 in National Bean Research Station at Khomeyn, Iran. Based on the energy equivalents of the inputs and outputs, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy, energy intensiveness, net energy and energy intensity of production were calculated.;Results and Discussion: The total energy input for ecologic, lowinput, mediuminput, highinput and integrated system was 14121, 32432, 24260, 37118 and 57390 MJ ha1, respectively. The total energy output for ecologic, lowinput, mediuminput, highinput and integrated systems was estimated as 40135, 51382, 33824, 46417 and 60142 MJ ha1, respectively. Averaged over five evaluated systems and three varieties of bean, the greatest and the least direct energy used in ecologic system of Sadri and integrated system of Ks31169 (58% vs. 36%), indirect energy used in integrated system of Ks31169 and ecological system of Sadri (64% vs. 42%), renewable energy used in ecological system of Ks31169 and highinput system of Sadri (37 vs. 6) and nonrenewable energy used in highinput system of Sadri and ecological system of Ks31169 (94 vs. 63). The greatest energy efficiency and environmental efficiency of support energy was observed in ecologic system of Sadri (3.3 and 3.5, respectively), indicating 155 and 169 percent greater efficiency compared with the highinput system of Sadri. ;ZareFaizabad and Kocheki (2000) compared conventional and ecological systems of wheat and concluded that yield of lowinput and organic system is lower than other systems, but efficiency of energy is higher in this system. In a study to evaluate the energy efficiency of organic and conventional systems in corn and wheat reported that energy use efficiency of organic system was 2970 percent greater than conventional system (Pimental et al., 1983). Ozkan et al. (2004) on their study on different agronomic systems reported that, in integrated management systems urea fertilizer and machinery are the most important inputs and efficient use of them are essential to improve energy use efficiency of these systems. Nassi et al. (2011) stated that lowinput systems had less energy inputs compared to conventional systems. This decrease in input energy resulted in greater energy use efficiency in these systems. ;Conclusion: It could be concluded that ecologic system improved ecosystem service, especially nonmarket service in comparison with other systems. Although reduction of energy intensity of production (output energy) and energy intensity of consumption (input energy) reduced total value of the services in ecological agriculture, however moving toward sustainable and ecologic agriculture resulted in more nonmarket services such as health maintenance system of production and the production of healthy food.