ارزش کالاها و خدمات حبوبات در نظام‎های زراعی ایران

در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا با استفاده از روش انتقال منافع و داده‏های حبوبات منتخب مهم ایران، ارزش کالاها و خدمات حبوبات در نظام‏های زراعی در سال 1393 برآورد شود. این مطالعه نشان داد حبوبات نقش مهمی در تامین نیازهای پروتئینی خانوارها و منبع درآمدی کشاورزان در سطح مزرعه‏ دارد. همچنین دارای خدمات و کارکردهای مثبت فراوان به لحاظ اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زراعی و اکولوژیکی زیست‏محیطی و آثار منفی خارجی مانند انتشار گازهای گلخانه‏ای می‏باشد. برآوردها نشان داد که ارزش حبوبات در واحد سطح و نیز در سطح کلان در ایران به ترتیب برابر 60882.22 هزار ریال در هکتار و 48704071.12میلیون ریال است. مجموع سهم خدمات اقتصادی و اجتماعی حبوبات 60.84 درصد می‏باشد. همچنین مجموع سهم کارکردهای زراعی و اکولوژیکی زیست‏محیطی حدود 39.16 درصد می‏باشد. ارزش صرفه‏جویی آب توسط حبوبات دیم برابر 797570.02 میلیون ریال محاسبه شده است. علاوه بر آن، در مجموع هزینه زیست‌محیطی انتشار co2 و n2o حاصل از حبوبات منتخب برابر 8722.04 میلیون ریال برآورد شده است. با توجه به یافته‏های مطالعه، توجه به آثار مثبت خارجی حبوبات در نظام‏های زراعی ایران در سیاستگزاری‏های کلان ملی به‌ویژه از بُعد اختصاص بودجه تحقیقاتی توصیه شده است.

The value of Pulses ' goods and services in agronomic systems of Iran

Introduction </p > Pulses have an important role in supply of households ' protein needs and income resource of farmers in farm level. Also, it has abundant positive services and functions as economic, social, agronomic and environmentecological and negative externality such as greenhouse gases emissions. This paper tried to estimate the value of Pulses ' goods and services (PGS) in agronomic systems in 2014 using benefit transfer methods, data of several local research and selected pulses ' data of Iran. </p >   </p > Materials & Methods </p > Broadly defined, value can be defined as a framework for identifying positive or negative qualities in events, objects, or situations. The total economics value (TEV) of any resource is a sum of two types of values: Use values and Nonuse values. In this study, only use values are considered. Economic valuation assumes that these resources somehow impact on the utility or wellbeing of individuals. A number of methods have been developed to elicit these changes in the utility (or wellbeing) of individuals. Generally, these are classified into two major groupsMarketbased approaches, and Nonmarket based approaches. One of the conditions of marketbased valuation is that the commodity is traded in a working market. </p > <strong >Market Based Valuation: </strong >Under marketbased valuation, a link between the Pulses ' service (goods generated) and society’s preference is developed. If the good is commercial, it is bought and sold through the marketplace. Its level reflects social preference (or value). If market price for a certain Pulses ' service in the <a href= "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketplace " >marketplace </a > exists, the price is directly used to evaluate the value of PGS. </p > <strong >NonMarket Valuation Methods: </strong > Nonmarket goods do not have a market price. Majority of PGS are nonmarket goods, and require a different type of valuation methods. Main methods of nonmarket valuation are the contingent valuation method, the travel cost method, hedonic pricing, and choice experiments. These methods require data collection, which is both time consuming and resourcerich. If such methods cannot be implemented, the next best alternative is to use the method of benefit transfer. </p > <strong >Benefit Transfer Method: </strong > When there is no market price for Pulses ' goods and service and a primary nonmarket valuation study is not an option due to time and cost constraints, method of value transfer (VT) or benefit transfer (BT) is considered a key option to estimate the value of such a service. </p > Value (benefit) transfer is the process by which a value or demand function of a characteristic or a set of environmental characteristics obtained from each valuation method in a location (original location) is used to evaluate environmental goods or services in another location (location transfer). The VT method is widely applied in the economic valuation of nonmarket environmental goods and services. There is no unanimity in the economic literature for the use of the VT method. Some economists do not consider BT as a methodology, but simply consider as transfer of estimates from one location to other location. Desvousges <em >et al, </em > (1998) believed that transfer studies involve all advanced skills required to the main research. It is recommended that caution must be exercised to ensure the validity of the method. Three principles are suggested: (a) Population of both regions should be similar; (b) Goods or services in both locations should have about the same characteristics; and (c) Initial estimated values should not be old because preferences change over time. </p >   </p > <strong > <br > </strong > </p > Results & Discussion </p > This study showed that that value of PGS in acreage unit and macrolevel in Iran are 60882.22 thousand rail per hectare and 48704071.12 million rial. Total share of the economic and social goods and services of Pulses is 60.84 percent. Also, the total share of agronomic and environmentecological services of pulses is 39.16 percent. The value of water saving of rainfed selected Pulses have been computed equal to 797570.02 million rial. Furthermore, total environment cost of N2O and CO2 gases emission of selected Pulses has been estimated equal to 8722.04 million rial. </p >   </p > Conclusion </p > This study showed that Pulses ' have high value in agronomic systems of Iran specialy on water saving in rainfed lands. Furthermore, it has several goods and services that has market and non market value. Regard to results, considering of externality of Pulses in agronomic systems of Iran in national policy making especially in research budget allocation has been suggested. </p >