predictors of listening anxiety in english courses: testing a model based on cultural intelligence and reflective thinking

Listening anxiety is the feeling of apprehension that learners might experience when trying to comprehend information from others. this anxiety associated with listening comprehension has been a significant focus of academic research for the past few decades. foreign language listening anxiety (flla) can be triggered by different factors, including affective pressure, cognitive load, or communication disorders. however, there is a lack of appropriate conceptual models to accurately pinpoint the sources of anxiety related to listening. this research introduces a novel model in a non-experimental correlation research design to scrutinize the efficacy of cultural intelligence (cq) and reflective thinking (rt) in predicting the source of flla among efl learners. to accomplish this, a sample of 250 efl students was administered the three scales for the constructs under study. in terms of the statistical analysis, structural equation modeling (sem) was run to examine the fit of the conceptual model. the findings showed that both cq and rt affect flla. however, rt was a stronger predictor of flla than cq. notably, critical reflection was found to be the strongest predictor of flla in the rt. besides, both cognitive and behavioral dimensions equally influenced flla for cq. lastly, the results and implications for reducing flla are discussed.