ساخت ژئوپلیتیکی و روندپژوهی تاریخی روابط ایران و روسیه

بررسی روابط دو کشور ایران و روسیه نشان دهنده روابط تاریخی پرفرازونشیب بوده که همه الگوهای رفتاری را به خود دیده است. به‌رغم اهمیت ژئوپلیتیک طی دوره های تاریخی روابط دو کشور کمتر از منظر رویکرد ژئوپلیتیک بررسی شده است. این مقاله با بهره گیری از الگوی رفتار ژئوپلیتیکی روسیه در مناطق پیرامونی با تاکید بر رویکرد نواوراسیاگرایی الکساندر دوگین و با روش کیفی مبتنی بر مرور سیستماتیک(نظام مند) به دنبال پاسخگویی به این سوال است که ساخت ژئوپلیتیکی و تاریخی روابط ایران و روسیه چگونه است؟ در این میان چند واقعیت مهم ژئوپلیتیکی در روابط دو کشور نظیر وزن ژئوپلیتیکی ایران، هر دو کشور از مناطق ژئوپلیتیک تحت‌فشار هستند، قطب بودن ایران در ژئوپلیتیک تشیع جهان اسلام، تاریخ طولانی روابط دو کشور و اثرگذار بودن نخبگان، افراد، ایدئولوژی و هویت در میدان ژئوپلیتیکی دو کشور همواره اثربخش بوده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که مهم ترین ابعاد ساختار ژئوپلیتیکی روابط ایران و روسیه همواره در یک سه گانه ژئوپلیتیکی قرار داشته و همواره یک نیروی سوم در ساختار ژئوپلیتیکی و تاریخ طولانی روابط دو کشور قابل‌مشاهده است. بدین‌صورت که نوع تعامل و همکاری و تقابل ایران و روسیه همواره تابعی از تعامل یا تقابل با غرب به‌ویژه با آمریکا بوده است. روابط دو کشور باوجود فرصت‌های همکاری قابل‌توجه، نه در سطح راهبردی، بلکه در سطح همکاری آن‌هم با چالش‌های جدی مواجه بوده است. اما جنگ روسیه با اوکراین در سال 2022 و مخالفت اتحادیه اروپا و آمریکا از روسیه از اشغال اوکراین نزدیکی بیشتر روابط دو کشور را باعث شده است.

geopolitical construction and historical research of iran-russia relations

reviewing the relations between the two countries, iran and russia, shows the ups and downs of historical relations, where all patterns of behavior from war and occupation of land, alliance with other powers against each other, and cooperation and partnership relations can be seen. however, despite the importance of geopolitics, the relations between the two countries have not been appropriately investigated from a geopolitical point of view. this study, using the model of russia’s geopolitical behavior in the peripheral regions, emphasizing the approach of alexander dugin’s neo-eurasians, and   with a qualitative method and based on systematic literature review, it seeks to answer the question, what is the geopolitical and historical structure of the relations between iran and russia? among many factors are some important geopolitical facts in the relations between the two countries such as the geopolitical weight of iran, the fact that both countries are under pressure from geopolitical regions, iran’s pole position in the shiite geopolitics of the islamic world, the long history of relations between the two countries, and the influence of elites, individuals, ideology and identity which have always been influential in the geopolitical field of the two countries. the results of the research show that the most important dimensions of the geopolitical structure of the relations between iran and russia is russia’s foreign policy which has always been in a geopolitical triangle and a third force in the geopolitical structure and the long history of the relations between the two countries has always been noticed.   that is, the type of interaction and cooperation between iran and russia has always been a function of interaction or confrontation with the west; meanwhile, russia has adjusted its foreign relations in this geopolitical triangle with the aim of balancing power. the relations between the two countries, despite the significant opportunities for cooperation, have faced serious challenges, not at the &strategic& level, but at the cooperation level, which indicates the tactical relations between the two countries rather than the strategic relations that have been observed in syria. also, despite the levels of tactical cooperation between the two countries, the potentials and fields of geopolitical competition can be seen in dimensions such as energy trade (especially oil and gas), transfer of energy resources, caucasus, central asia and the discussion of the caspian legal regime. at the end, geopolitical solutions for iran have been presented.introduction: iran and russia, as two countries in the middle east and eurasia, have always experienced ups and downs in relations over time. these relations have been influenced by various factors, especially geopolitical considerations, from the time of the great game between great britain and russia in the 19th century to the present time and russia’s attempt to control the surrounding areas. it should be said that both countries have experienced a wide range of forms of governance, such as tsarist tyranny and stalinist totalitarianism in russia to eastern tyranny and islamic theocracy in iran. therefore, so a series of macro issues have emerged a result of the differences and similarities between iran and russia during the historical period. in the meantime, due to the existence of mutual opportunities and threats, russia and iran look at each other from two different perspectives and angles, which is based on the definition of the two countries’ foreign and domestic policies.