واکاوی نظری رفتار نظامیان در سیاست خارجی معاصر

«نیروی نظامی» همواره یکی از قدرتمندترین سازمان‌های اجتماعی و از شناسه‌های اصلی ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ آﻧﺎرﺷﯿﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ، در ﭘﯽ رﺷﺪ اﺣﺴﺎس ﻧﺎاﻣﻨﯽ و ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎ، ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﺻﺎﺣﺐﻣﻨﺼﺒﺎن ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺪل ﮐﺮده و ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد ﻧﯿﺮوی ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ در رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ، اﺑﺰار ﻣﻠﯽ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﮔﺬاری ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﻧﮕﺎه ﭘﺎدﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻮﻟﻮد ﺟﺪاﯾﯽﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮی اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮏ از ﺗﻔﮑﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻮده، اﻣﺎ اﻧﻘﻼب روﺷﻨﻔﮑﺮی در رواﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ از اواﺳﻂ دﻫﻪ 1980، ﻇﻬﻮر رﻫﯿﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎی اﻧﺘﻘﺎدی و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ ﻧﻮﯾﻦ، رﺷﺪ ﮔﻔﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎی ﻧﻮﯾﻦ درﺑﺎره دوﻟﺖﻫﺎی ورﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ، ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎی ﻧﻮﯾﻦ و رﺷﺪ ﺑﺤﺚﻫﺎی اﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽﺳﺎزی ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺮآﯾﻨﺪ اﻧﻘﻼب ﭘﺴﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻏﻔﻠﺖ از ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن در ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻠﻬﻢ از اﯾﻦ اﻣﺮ، ﭘﺮﺳﺶ اﺻﻠﯽ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺟﺎری اﯾﻦ ﺑﻮده ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻت ﻣﺴﺘﺤﺪث در دوران ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ، ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮی ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ؟ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺟﺪاﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از ارﮐﺎن ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺪرن ﺑﻮده، اﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﮑﺎﻓﯽ ﻟﺰوﻣﺎً ﻣﺎﻫﻮی و راﻫﺒﺮدی ﻧﺒﻮده، ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻫﻮﯾﺖ و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن در دوران ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯽ دﯾﮕﺮ، دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ دﻓﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺿﺪﺑﺤﺮان، ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﻓﯿﻊ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯿﺎن در ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﮐﻪ دﯾﭙﻠﻤﺎﺳﯽ دﻓﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ و ﺗﮑﺜﯿﺮ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ اﯾﺠﺎﺑﯽ، ﺑﺴﺘﺮی ﺑﺮای ﮔﺬار ﺑﻪﺳﻮی ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﭘﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎزﻋﻪ ﻣﻬﯿﺎ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ؛ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪای ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ وش ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ و اﺳﺘﻤﺪاد از ﺷﯿﻮه اﺳﻨﺎدی- ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪای ﺑﻪ آزﻣﻮن ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.

Theoretical Analysis of Military Forces’ Behavior in the Contemporary Foreign Policy

As one of the powerful social entities, military forces are one of the main characteristics of the global politics. Both with increasing the feelings of insecurity and suspending the security of countries, the anarchic nature of international system has turned the military forces as one of the main foreign policy makers. They are treated as the national instrument of policy making in traditional approach. Such perspective results from the inseparability of strategic thought with political one. However, the intellectual revolution in the international relations during the mid80s, rising critical and new epistemological approaches, prevailing the new approaches about the failed states, new wars and rising debates about securitization has led to ignoring the role and influences of military forces in the contemporary foreign policy. Accordingly, the main question of this paper is according to the happened developments, how the relationship between military forces and foreign policy changed? Although the separation of military forces and foreign policy is one of the main elements of the modern politics, but this is not strategic cleavage and imply the changing role and identity of military forces in contemporary era. In other words, defensive diplomacy as an anticrisis system will amplify the influence of military forces in the foreign policy to promote the international status of the states. So, the findings of this paper show that defensive diplomacy will provide a suitable environment to move towards postconflict societies by propagating the positive security. This hypothesis will be tested by analytical and librarybased method.