ارزیابی برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط برای عملکرد و پایداری عملکرد علوفه هیبریدهای امیدبخش سورگوم علوفه‌ای (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) با استفاده از تجزیه ammi

این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط برای عملکرد و پایداری عملکرد علوفه ی یازده هیبرید امیدبخش سورگوم علوفه‌ای و رقم اسپیدفید (به عنوان شاهد) در پنج ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی (کرج، بروجرد، گرگان، دزفول و ساری) در دو فصل رشد 1402 و 1403 در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تجزیه واریانس مرکب داه ها نشان داد که برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × مکان × سال بر عملکرد علوفه تر و خشک در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود. مقایسه میانگین ها نشان داد که هیبریدهای khfs3 و khfs10 به‌ترتیب با 145/5و 141/3تن در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد علوفه تر را داشتند. بیشترین عملکرد علوفه خشک (35/2 تن در هکتار) نیز متعلق به هیبرید khfs3 بود که 12/5درصد نسبت به رقم شاهد (اسپید فید) برتری داشت. محیط، ژنوتیپ و برهمکنش آنها به‌ترتیب 68/57، 9/23و 22/19درصد از کل تغییرات مشاهده شده مربوط به عملکرد علوفه خشک و به‌ترتیب 61/46، 87/20 و 66/17 درصد از کل تغییرات مشاهده شده مربوط به عملکرد علوفه تر را توجیه کردند. بررسی برهمکنش ژنوتیپ × محیط با استفاده از روش تجزیه ammi نشان داد که دو مولفه اصلی مدل معنی‌دار بودند و به‌ترتیب 71/40و 17/61درصد از واریانس برهمکنش را توجیه کردند. بر اساس ارزش پایداری امی (asv) و میانگین وزنی نمرات مطلق (waas) هیبریدهای khfs5 و khfs3 به‌ترتیب بیشترین پایداری عملکرد علوفه خشک و تر را نشان دادند. بر اساس نتایج تجزیه گرافیکی، هیبریدهای khfs3 و khfs10 به‌ترتیب به‌عنوان ژنوتیپ‌های برتر برای عملکرد علوفه تر و علوفه خشک با پایداری عملکرد بالا شناسایی شدند. این هیبریدها با عملکرد علوفه و سازگاری بالا، گزینه‌های مناسبی برای کشت در اقلیم‌های هدف کشور می باشند و می‌توانند در برنامه‌های به نژادی سورگوم علوفه ای نیز برای بهبود عملکرد علوفه مورد استفاده قرار گیرند.

evaluation of genotype × environment interaction for forage yield and yield stability of forage sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) promising hybrids using ammi analysis

this study evaluated genotype × environment interaction for forage yield and yield stability of 11 promising hybrids of forage sorghum along with speedfeed cultivar (as commercial check) using randomized complete block design with three replications in five locations; karaj, borujerd, gorgan, dezful, and sari in 2023 and 2024 growing seasons. combined analysis of variance showed significant genotype × location × year interaction (p ≤ 0.01) for fresh and dry forage yield. hybrids khfs3 and khfs10 had the highest total fresh forage yield of 145.5 and 141.2 t ha-1, respectively. the maximum dry forage yield (35.2 t ha-1) was also belonged to hybrid khfs3, represented 12.5% relative advantage compared to the check cultivar. environment, genotype, and genotype × environment (g × e) interaction explained 68.57%, 9.23%, and 22.19% of the total observed variation in dry forage yield, and 61.46%, 20.87%, and 17.66% of the total variation in fresh forage yield, respectively. examination of the genotype × environment interaction using ammi analysis revealed that the first two principal components interaction were significant, explaining 71.40% and 17.61% of the g×e variation, respectively. based on the ammi stability value (asv) parameter and weighted average of absolute scores (waas), hybrids khfs5 and khfs3 exhibited the highest stability for dry and fresh forage yield, respectively. according to results of graphical analysis, hybrids khfs3 and khfs10 were identified as superior hybrids for fresh and dry forage production, respectively, with high yield and yield stability. these hybrids, with high adaptability and forage yield were identified suitable for being grown in target environments in iran, and can also be utilized in forgae sorghum breeding programs to improve forage yield. keywords: sorghum, ammi stability value, dry forage yield, fresh forage yield, graphical analysis.introductionforage sorghum (sorghum bicolor l. moench) is and important summer forage crop used for fresh and dry forage and silage, and its productivity is highly influenced by genotype × environment (g×e) interactions (khazaei et al., 2023b). multivariate approaches such as ammi (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and ammi-based stability parameters (e.g. asv) are widely used to dissect these interactions and identify high-yielding and yield-stable genotypes (e.g., al-naggar et al., 2018; pour-aboughadareh et al., 2022). recent studies comparing ammi and gge biplot approaches have emphasized ammi's effectiveness at partitioning main effects and revealing interaction structure, while combined anova remains essential to detect significance of g, e and g × e components (pour-aboughadareh et al., 2022; khazaei et al., 2023a). however, few studies have evaluated newly bred forage sorghum hybrids across different agro-ecological zones of iran to identify hybrids with both high forage yield and yield stability in contrasting environments. the present study aimed to evaluate g × e interaction patterns and to identify promising and yield-stable of forage sorghum hybrids in five locations using combined analysis of variance and ammi model. materials and methodseleven promising forage sorghum hybrids (khfs1-khfs11) and speedfeed as commercial check cultivar were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications at five locations; karaj, borujerd, gorgan, dezful and sari in two growing seasons (2023 and 2024). each experimental plot consisted of four four meters long rows with 60 centimeters row spacing and eight centimeters, within-row, plant spacing. fresh and dry forage yield (first and second cuts and total), plant height and stem diameter in the first and second cuts were measured and recorded. combined analysis of variance across years and locations quantified main and interaction effects. ammi model was used to characterize interaction patterns. the ammi stability value (asv) was computed to rank hybrids yield stability. data processing and analysis of variance were performed using sas 9.0. the ammi analysis and biplots were generated using the metan package in r software. results and discussioncombined analysis of variance showed significant genotype × location × year interaction (p ≤ 0.01) for fresh and dry forage yield, indicating substantial differences in performance of hybrids across sites and growing seasons. for dry forage yield, environment accounted for 68.57% of total observed variance, while genotype and g × e contributed 9.23% and 22.19%, respectively; and for fresh forage yield, these values were 61.46%, 20.87%, and 17.66%, respectively. mean forage yield ranking identified khfs3 and khfs10 as top hybrids for total fresh forage yield (145.5 and 141.2 t ha-1, respectively), compared to cv. speedfeed (122.6 t ha-1). for total dry forage yield khfs3 attained the highest mean yield (35.2 t ha-1) compared to 31.3 t ha-1 for the check cultivar.the ammi model identified the first two ipcas as significant, explaining 71.40% and 17.61% of g × e variance for dry yield, and 50.08% and 30.19% for fresh yield, confirming a structured interaction suitable for biplot examination and interpretation (khazaei et al., 2023b). based on ammi stability value (asv) and weighted average of absolute scores (waas), hybrid khfs5 exhibited the highest yield stability for dry forage yield (asv = 0.731, waas = 0.176), whereas khfs3 was the most yield-stable hybrid for fresh yield (asv = 0.576, waas = 0.306). in addition, the hybrids khfs2, khfs5, and khfs11 showed high yield stability for both fresh and dry forage yield.environment-specific rankings identified khfs3 as the top hybrid in four locations for fresh forage yield, underscoring the utility of integrating mean performance, asv, and waas for selection (al-naggar et al., 2018; khazaei et al., 2023a). biplots highlighted khfs3 and khfs10 as superior genotypes for fresh and dry forage yield, respectively, with high yield and yiled stability. overall, the anova-ammi framework effectively delineated high-yielding and yield stable forage sorghum hybrids. the hybrids with high adaptability and forage yield were identified suitable for being grown in target environments in iran, and can also be utilized in forgae sorghum breeding programs to improve forage yield. referencesal-naggar, a.m.m., abd el-salam, r.m., asran, m.r. and yaseen, w. 2018. yield adaptability and stability of grain sorghum genotypes across different environments in egypt using ammi and gge-biplot models. annual research & review in biology, 23(3), pp.1-16. doi: 10.9734/arrb/2018/39491khazaei, a., golzardi, f., ghasemi, a., tabatabaei, s.a., nazari, l., shahverdi, m., mokhtarpour, h. and shariati, a. 2023b. performance and stability analysis of forage sorghum [sorghum bicolor (l.) moench] genotypes targeted to arid and semi-arid environments. cereal research communications, 51(3), pp.729-736. doi: 10.1007/s42976-022-00339-1khazaei, a., golzardi, f., torabi, m., feyzbakhsh, m.t., azarinasrabad, a., nazari, l., ghasemi, a. and mottaghi, m. 2023a. gge biplot vs. ammi analysis of promising sorghum lines in the warm-temperate regions of iran. journal of crop improvement, 37(4), pp.506-522. doi: 10.1080/15427528.2022.2113488pour-aboughadareh, a., khalili, m., poczai, p. and olivoto, t. 2022. stability indices to deciphering the genotype-by-environment interaction (gei) effect: an applicable review for use in plant breeding programs. plants, 11(3), 414. doi: 10.3390/plants11030414