بررسی اثر تراکم بوته، تلقیح بذر با باکتری و روش‌های مختلف کوددهی نیتروژن بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی رازیانه (.foeniculum vulgare mill)

به‌منظور بررسی اثر سیستم‌های مختلف تغذیه نیتروژن اعم از شیمیایی، آلی و زیستی و هم‌چنین تراکم‌های مختلف بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و اسانس گیاه دارویی رازیانه، آزمایشی به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با 18 تیمار و 4 تکرار در سال زراعی 1393-1392 در مزرعه آزمایشی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد شوشتر به انجام رسید. در کرت‌های اصلی، تیمارهای مختلف نیتروژن شامل n1 پخش یکنواخت کود اوره نیمی در زمان کاشت و بقیه در ابتدای ساقه ‌روی، n2 نیمی از کود اوره در زمان کاشت و بقیه در ابتدای ساقه‌ روی به‌صورت محلول‌پاشی، n3 کود گاوی، n4 تلقیح بذر با باکتری‌های ازتوباکتر و آزوسپریلیوم،50n5  درصد نیتروژن از کود گاوی + 50 درصد از منبع اوره،50n6 درصد نیتروژن از کود گاوی + تلقیح بذر با باکتری‌های ازتوباکتر و آزوسپریلیوم قرار گرفتند. در کرت‌های فرعی تراکم رازیانه شامل60fd1  بوته در مترمربع،80fd2  بوته در مترمربع و100fd3  بوته در مترمربع اعمال گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصله، استفاده از تیمار تلفیقی 1 که شامل کودگاوی و کود شیمیایی نیتروژنه با نسبت 50 :50 بود در کنار به‌کارگیری تراکم 100 بوته در مترمربع، توانست عملکرد دانه معادل 94/575 گرم در مترمربع و اسانسی به میزان 3/375 درصد تولید نماید. این ترکیب تیماری علاوه بر حصول کمیت و کیفیت مطلوب در این آزمایش، سازگاری بیشتری نیز با محیط‌زیست دارد.

Investigating the Effects of Plant Density, Seed Inoculation with Bacteria and Different Nitrogen Fertilizing Methods on Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)

Background and Objectives Fennel is one the most important medicinal and aromatic plants which is widely used in food, medicine and cosmetic industries worldwide. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of different nitrogen nutritional systems including chemical, organic and biologic ones at different plant densities on yield, yield components and seed essential oil content and yield of fennel in south western Iran climatic conditions. Materials and Methods To do this research, a field experiment was carried out in 20132014 agricultural season at Islamic Azad University of Shoushtar agricultural college in split plot design with 18 treatments in 4 replications based on completely randomized blocks design. Different nitrogen system treatments consisting of N1: Uniformly spreading urea fertilizer in the plot, half at planting time and other at stem elongation, N2: Uniformly spreading half of urea fertilizer in the plot at planting time and spraying the other half at stem elongation on fennel foliage, N3: cow manure, N4: Inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum, N5: Applying half of required nitrogen fertilizer from cow manure and other half from urea, N6: Applying half of required nitrogen fertilizer from cow manure + inoculation of fennel seeds with Azotobacter and Azospirillum were applied to the main plots. Three fennel densities consisting of FD1: 60 plant/m2, FD2: 80 plant/m2 and FD3: 100 plant/m2 were applied to subplots. Results Based on the results, utilization of the first integrated treatment which consisted of cow manure and urea as chemical fertilizer at 50:50 percent, along with using 100 plant per m2 as a proper crop density achieved production of 94.575 g/m2 seed yield containing 3.375 percent of essential oil. Other findings showed that Azotobacter+ Azospirillum had no positive effect on plant seed yield and essential oil. Discussions The findings of our study showed that replacing 50 percent of required nitrogen with cow manure in fennel could lead to a favorable quantitative and qualitative seed production as well as the treatments which use 100 percent of nitrogen as chemical fertilizers. It seems that nitrogen application with manure probably through increasing organic matter mineralization and mineral absorption, improved the effectiveness of manure. Therefore application of such a combination not only could lead to a desirable fennel quantity and quality, but also is more consistent with environment. Other findings of the present study showed that seed inoculation with biofertilizers (Azotobacter + Azospirillum) had no positive effects on plant seed yield and essential oil. For such a result, it could be said that climate and soil conditions and also plant species and varieties are important in biofertilizers usefulness and also in determining suitable bacteria species for application.