بررسی تنوع فنوتیپی ژنوتیپ‌‌های ماشک (vicia l.) از گونه‌‌های مختلف تحت شرایط دیم در شهرستان مراغه

ماشک با نام علمی vicia l. از مهم‌‌ترین گیاهان علوفه‌‌ای است و عملکرد آن به‌‌طور وسیع از کم‌‌آبی تاثیر می‌‌گیرد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، تعیین تنوع فنوتیپی و گزینش ژنوتیپ‌‌های برتر ماشک بود و بدین منظور 120 ژنوتیپ ماشک از پنج گونۀ vicia ervilia l.، vicia sativa l.، vicia narbonencis l.، vicia dassycarpa l. و vicia panonica l. تحت شرایط دیم در شهرستان مراغه ارزیابی شد. تجزیۀ داده‌‌ها حاکی از وجود تنوع چشمگیری بین ژنوتیپ‌‌های گونه‌‌های ماشک ازنظر تمام صفات مطالعه‌‌شده بود. طبق نتایج، عملکرد دانه با عملکرد بیولوژیک و تعداد روز تا رسیدگی همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌‌داری داشت. ارزیابی پراکنش ژنوتیپ‌‌ها برمبنای بای‌‌پلات pca نشان داد گونه‌‌های ماشک از همدیگر به‌‌خوبی تفکیک شد؛ همچنین برپایۀ نتایج تجزیۀ خوشه‌‌ای، ژنوتیپ‌‌های ماشک مطالعه‌‌شده در دو گروه اصلی و چهار زیرگروه فرعی دسته‌‌بندی شد که ژنوتیپ‌‌های موجود در زیرگروه سوم و پس از آن در زیرگروه چهارم دارای بیشترین مقدار برای اکثر صفات بود. در نهایت، ژنوتیپ‌‌های g1، g3، g4، g6، g7، g8 و g12 که همگی از گونۀ v. ervilia بود، به‌‌طور مشترک براساس شاخص mgidi و شاخص اسمیت گزینش شد. نتایج مطالعۀ حاضر برای جمع‌آوری، حفظ و استفاده از منابع ژرم‌‌پلاسم ماشک مفید است.

investigating the phenotypic diversity of vetch (vicia l.) genotypes from different species under the rain-fed conditions of maragheh city

vicia l. is a significant fodder plant, widely affected by drought conditions. this study aimed to identify the phenotypic diversity and select superior vetch genotypes. to this end, 120 vetch genotypes from five species: vicia ervilia l., vicia sativa l., vicia narbonensis l., vicia dasycarpa l., and vicia pannonica l. were evaluated under the rain-fed conditions of maragheh city. data analysis revealed considerable variation among vetch species genotypes in all studied traits. grain yield showed a positive and significant correlation with biological yield and the number of days to maturity. principal component analysis (pca) biplot demonstrated clear separation among vetch species. furthermore, cluster analysis results classified the studied vetch genotypes into two main groups and four subgroups, with genotypes in the third and fourth subgroups exhibiting the highest values for most traits. genotypes g1, g3, g4, g6, g7, g8, and g12, all belonging to the v. ervilia species, were consistently selected based on the mgidi and smith indices. the findings of this study provide valuable insights for the collection, preservation, and utilization of vetch germplasm resources.introductionvicia l., belonging to the fabaceae family, is a special type of fodder plant well-suited for cold and dry regions (ma et al., 2022). in terms of some quality characteristics, vetch is comparable to alfalfa (hasanvand et al., 2010). for decades, evaluating the diversity of agronomical and morphological traits has been a fundamental step in studying plant germplasm. these traits are crucial for evolutionary and taxonomic studies. to date, the taxonomy and biosystematics of the genus vicia have been explored in several studies (hanelt & mettin, 1989; maxted, 1993; jalilian et al., 2014). although drought stress can reduce the grain and fodder yield of vetch, some species exhibit high tolerance to this stress (alizadeh, 2019). significant phenotypic variation among vetch genotypes under drought stress conditions has been reported (mirfakhraee et al., 2010; abbasi et al., 2014). considering the importance of fodder production in iran, this study was undertaken to determine the phenotypic diversity and select superior vetch genotypes from five species (vicia ervilia, vicia sativa, vicia narbonencis, vicia dassycarpa, and vicia panonica) under the rain-fed conditions of maragheh city. materials and methodsin this study, 120 vetch genotypes from the icarda international germplasm collection were cultivated in 1m² plots using an augmented design under rain-fed conditions in the spring. due to germination issues and insufficient growth, data from only 60 genotypes were viable for analysis. these genotypes were evaluated at the dryland agricultural research institute (dari) in maragheh city, located at a latitude of 37°16′12″ e, a longitude of 46°27′36″ n, and an altitude of 1720 meters. the total rainfall during the experimental months amounted to 58 mm. the traits assessed included plant height (ph), number of days to maturity (dm), hundred kernel weight (hkw), biological yield (by), and grain yield (gy). a variety of statistical analyses, such as analysis of variance (anova), principal component analysis (pca), and cluster analysis using ward’s method, were conducted to explore the phenotypic variation among genotypes. pearson’s correlation coefficient was applied to assess relationships between traits. additionally, the smith index (smith, 1936) and the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (mgidi) were utilized for the selection of superior genotypes (olivoto & nardino, 2021). all statistical analyses were executed using sas 9.4 and r 4.2.2 software. research findingsthe analysis of variance (anova) results revealed significant differences between the vetch species for all studied traits at the 0.1% probability level. vicia panonica exhibited the highest plant height (ph) at 42.19 cm, while vicia sativa required the longest duration to reach maturity. biological yield (by) was significantly higher in vicia sativa (1605.5 kg/ha) and vicia panonica (1331.1 kg/ha) compared to other species. although vicia narbonencis recorded the highest hundred kernel weight (hkw) at 16.37 g, the greatest grain yield (gy) of 502 kg/ha was observed in vicia sativa. correlation analysis between traits indicated a positive and significant correlation of gy with by (r=0.81**) and days to maturity (dm) (r=0.80**). a similar positive correlation was noted between by and dm (r=0.57**) as well as ph (r=0.54**). the only negative relationship was observed between ph and hkw traits (r=-0.45**). the first two components of the principal component analysis (pca) explained nearly 80% of the total variation. the pca biplot showed that genotypes of each species were similarly distributed based on the first two principal components. cluster analysis dendrogram divided vetch genotypes into two main groups and four subgroups. according to the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (mgidi) selection index, genotypes g6, g5, g4, g10, g9, g12, g7, g1, g8, g92, g3, and g23 were identified as the preferred genotypes. genotypes g1, g3, g4, g6, g7, g8, g12, g77, g100, g101, g110, and g119 were selected based on the smith index (sh). a comparison of these two indices revealed that seven genotypes were consistently chosen, all of which belonged to the vicia ervilia species. this selection underscores the potential of v. ervilia for specific agronomic traits, thereby contributing valuable insights for future breeding and conservation efforts. discussion of results and conclusionthe considerable diversity observed among vetch species in terms of yield and main agronomic traits aligns with previous reports (mirfakhraee et al., 2010; abbasi et al., 2014; javanmard et al., 2019), highlighting the varied responses of these species to drought stress. each species may employ different mechanisms to tolerate drought, contributing to this observed diversity. the traits evaluated in this study effectively distinguished between vetch species, particularly vicia ervilia, which exhibited more distinct distribution than other species. although cluster analysis did not group all genotypes of each species into the same subgroup, the first main group primarily comprised vicia narbonensis and vicia sativa, while the second main group predominantly included vicia panonica, vicia dassycarpa, and vicia ervilia. the genotypes in the third subgroup are recommended for further development and introduction of vetch cultivars. javadi et al. (2022) similarly classified 58 vetch genotypes into five groups, with some clusters encompassing genotypes from different species. while yield is a crucial trait, selecting genotypes based on multiple traits is essential in plant breeding ((yan & frégeau-reid, 2018). the common genotypes selected using the smith index (sh) and the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (mgidi) were predominantly from the v. ervilia species, with limited selections from other species by one of the indices. this variation in results is attributed to the differences in the calculation methods of the indices and the definition of the ideal genotype. the diversity revealed in this study offers valuable insights for vetch taxonomy and biosystematics programs. future studies should investigate the molecular aspects of this diversity to further understand the genetic basis of these phenotypic variations.