مطالعه تطبیقیِ میان رشته ای (تفسیر بیناپارادایمی) قرآن و عهدین؛ مفاهیم، گونه ها و نمونه ها

ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ از روشهای راﯾﺞ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻗﺮآﻧﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در اﯾﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺻﺮفِ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰها و ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺖهﺎی ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﮐﻔﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد، اﻣﺎ ﺿﺮوری اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ورای اﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ارزش اﻓﺰودﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮای ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺷﻮد. روﯾﮑﺮد میان رﺷﺘﻪای ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎ رویآوردن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮژﻩهای ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﻩ و ﭼﻨﺪﺗﺒﺎری و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮیِ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢِ ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻖ و اﯾﺠﺎد ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮ ﻣﯿﺎنِ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺧﻸ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﯽ را ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ و ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ را ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﯿﺎن رﺷﺘﻪ ای (ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﯾﯽ) ﯾﺎ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﭘﺎراداﯾﻤﯽ ﻗﺮآن ﻧﺎﻇﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ روی آوردن ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮآن از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ دو رﺷﺘﻪ/ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ و اﺳﻼم ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ هﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪای ﺑﻪ ادراک ﺟﺎﻣﻊاﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ رﺷﺘﻪهﺎ و ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢهﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪای دارای دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ: ﻣﯿﺎنرﺷﺘﮕﯽ روشﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ (ﺗﺮارﺷﺘﻪای) و ﻣﯿﺎن رﺷﺘﮕﯽ ﻧﻈﺮی. در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اول راﺑﻄﻪای ﯾﮑﺴﻮﯾﻪ در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ وﺟﻮد دارد و از رﻩآورد اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪای ﮐﻪ در ﻗﺮآن ﯾﺎ ﻋﻬﺪﯾﻦ وﺟﻮد دارد ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺧﻮاهﺪ ﺷﺪ. اﻣﺎ در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ دوم، راﺑﻄﻪای دوﺳﻮﯾﻪ ﻣﯿﺎن ﻗﺮآن و ﻋﻬﺪﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﺷﻮد و اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻨﯽ و ﯾﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ در هﺮ دو ﻃﺮف ﺧﻮاهﺪ داﺷﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ در زﻣﺮﻩ ﻣﺘﮑﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪهﺎ در اﯾﻦ دﺳﺖ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﺎهﯿﻤﯽ هﻢﭼﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﺬﮐﺮ و ﻋﯿﺴﯽ در ﻗﺮآن ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ و ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ اﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﮕﺬارد. ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ رﻩآورد پژوهشگران ﺑﻪ ﻋﯿﺴﯽ در ﻗﺮآن ﻣﯽﺗﻮان ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺗﻌﺎرﺿﺎت ﻣﯿﺎن دو ﭘﺎراداﯾﻢ و ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﺑﺮای ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶهﺎ را ﻣﺸﺎهﺪﻩ ﮐﺮد. اهم اﯾﻦ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ها ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از: ﺗﺼﻠﯿﺐ و ﻣﺮگ ﻋﯿﺴﯽ، اﻟﻮهﯿﺖ ﻋﯿﺴﯽ، ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻒ ﻋﻬﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﺰاع ﻗﺮآن ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ. ﺑﺮای اﯾﺠﺎد ﮔﻔﺖ و ﮔﻮ و زﺑﺎن ﻣﺸﺘﺮک ﻻزم ﺑﻮد ﮐﻪ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ از ﻧﮕﺎﻩ هﺎی راﯾﺞ و ﺗﻔﺎﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﺸﻬﻮر دﺳﺖ ﺑﺮدارﻧﺪ و روﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﻠﻄﯿﻒ ﺷﺪﻩ را در ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ. اﯾﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ از ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ، ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮی ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ و ﺟﻬﺎنﺷﻤﻮل از ادﯾﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻣﯽ ﮔﺬارد.

interdisciplinary comparative study (interparadigmatic interpretation) of the qur’an and the testaments; concepts, types and examples

comparative studies are one of the common methods in qur’anic studies. although itis usually enough to compare the differences and similarities of the parties in this kindof studies, it is necessary to achieve a certain added value for the parties beyond thiscomparison. an interdisciplinary approach to comparative studies, by turning tocomplex and multi-generational subjects and using the mechanism of integration andcreating a dialogue between the parties, fill this knowledge gap and resolves theissues. therefore, interdisciplinary comparative study (dialogue) or interdisciplinaryinterpretation of the qur’an seeks to approach the qur’an from the perspective of twodistinct disciplines/paradigms, here the paradigms of christianity and islam are inmind. such a study leads to our comprehensive understanding with respect to differentdisciplines and paradigms, which has two basic types: methodological and theoreticalinterdisciplinary. in the former, there is a one-way relation in the comparative studyand only one side benefits from the outcome of this study. it will clarify or solve aproblem available in the qur’an or testaments. rather, in the latter, a two-wayrelation is established between the qur’an and the testaments. this comparativestudy will have an explanatory or problem-solving role on both sides. these speciesare considered as the most complete species in comparative studies. addressingconcepts such as “after the remembrance (min baʾd al-dhikr) and “jesus” in thequr’an can illustrate the process and mechanism of such comparative studies. basedon the approach of the qur’an to “jesus,” one can well see the conflicts between thetwo paradigms and the quality of the different interpretations of the disciplines toovercome these challenges. the most important of these challenges are: “thecrucifixion and death of jesus,” “the divinity of jesus,” “distortion of thecovenants,” “the controversy of the qur’an with christianity.” in order to create acommon dialogue and language, it was necessary for the disciplines to abandon thecommon views and popular interpretations and take a stylized approach. this form ofinterpretation represents a universal interpretation of religions.