بررسی طبیعی‌بودن برخی پسوندهای فاعلی در تاریخ الوزرا: صرف طبیعی

در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی میزان بی‌نشانی و طبیعی‌بودن برخی از وندهای فاعلی شامل«-گر، -کار، -مند، -َنده، -سار، -وار، -ا، -ان، -بان و –ار» با رویکردی داده‌بنیاد در کتاب تاریخ‌الوزرا (قرن ششم) و در چارچوب صرف طبیعی پرداخته شده است. باتوجه به تعدد وندهای فاعلی در زبان فارسی، تاکنون پژوهشی تاریخی و داده بنیاد انجام نشده تا روشن شود که کدام یک از این وندها در قرن ششم بی نشان ترین و در نتیجه، طبیعی ترین، و کدام یک نشان دارترین و غیرطبیعی ترین وند فاعلی بو ده است. داده های پژوهش حاضر، از کتاب تاریخ الوزرا با استفاده از نرم افزار انت کانک ( 2014، anthony) استخراج شده است؛ یافته ها نشان داده است که طبیعی ترین وند در «-گر» و غیر طبیعی ترین، وند « -ان» است.

a corpus-based investigation into certain persian suffixes extracted from tǎrix-ol-vozarǎ: natural morphology

introductionthe present paper is a corpus-based study of naturalness and markedness of some persian subject suffixes: ’-ǎ, -ǎr, -ǎn, -bǎn, -gar, -kǎr, -mand, and -ande’, extracted from tǎrix-ol-vozarǎ, within the natural morphology framework. to date, no studies have focused on presenting a continuum of persian subject suffixes according to their markedness and naturalness. this paper aims to rank the naturalness of some subject suffixes in persian. natural morphology is a cognitive-functional approach introduced in the 1970s. in this approach, naturalness and markedness are key terms that differ from frequency and simplicity. naturalness is not a fixed concept; it can be represented on a continuum. there are four semiotic criteria for assessing the naturalness of any word formation process: 1. morphotactic transparency, 2. indexicality, 3. transparency bi-uniqueness, and 4. shape of signan. according to morphotactic transparency, there is a relation between form and meaning: each form has a corresponding meaning and concept. in forms with the highest transparency, stem and affix can be separated; however, in some cases, affixation causes some phonological changes in the stem, resulting in reduced transparency. indexicality means that a signan should have only one signatum. bi-uniqueness means that a signan should have just one signatum and vice versa. this criterion doesn’t allow for synonymy, homonymy, and polysemy. for example, whenever two words are synonyms, they violate bi-uniqueness. dditionally, productivity is important for this criterion. there are two sub-criteria for this parameter: qualitative criterion and quantitative criterion. according to the qualitative criterion, the closeness of the meaning of a derived word to its stem, without any semantic change, is the focus. according to the quantitative criterion, new tokens of a process should be focused. the fourth criterion of naturalness concerns the number of syllables of each word or affix. one-syllable words and affixes are more natural than two-syllable ones. the data in this paper are analyzed according to these four criteria. since persian subject suffixes form a fairly large category, a corpus-based study of them is necessary. the present paper compares and contrasts a selection of such suffixes to discover which one is the most natural and the least marked within the natural morphology framework. a suggestion for future studies is to conduct a corpus-based analysis of subject suffixes in persian language teaching coursebooks to determine whether these books teach subject suffixes, considering their ranking of naturalness and unmarkedness.