خوانش مفاهیم اخلاقی نهج‌البلاغه با تکیه بر استلزام ارتباطی

توجه به مقوله های غیر زبانی در پژوهش های حوزۀ زبان شناسی، از جمله کاربردشناسی از اهمیت بسیاری برخوردار است. در نظر گرفتن بافت و سیاق و عنصر انسانی همراه با روابط بینافردی در تحلیل متون موجبِ دست‌یابی به معانی پنهان و ناگفته هایی می شود که اگر چه ظاهراً در کلام مطرح نشده اند، اما جزء جدایی ناپذیر آن به شمار می روند. این ناگفته ها و معانی ضمنی که «استلزام ارتباطی» نامیده می شود، در پی نقض اصول همکاری گرایس (grice, 1975) به دست می‌آید. مقاله پیش رو، کوشیده با روش توصیفی تحلیلی و با خوانش کاربردشناختی، استلزام ارتباطی و معانی تلویحی و ضمنی را در دو حوزۀ اخلاقی آفات زبان و احسان و نیکی در نهج البلاغه مورد بررسی قرار دهد، تا از این رهگذر به فهم و تفسیر دقیق تری از آن ها دست یابد. برای انجام این پژوهش، 71 پاره گفته با موضوع آفات زبان و احسان و نیکی انتخاب شد و مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفت. برآیند پژوهش نشان داد که امام (ع) با بینشی عمیق و به مقتضای موقعیت و شرایط، بیشتر از واژه‌ها و تعبیرهایی بهره برده اند که زیرمجموعۀ استلزام سنج ه ای و عمومی قرار دارد که دو نوع مهم از انواع استلزام به شمار می‌آیند. در پاره‌گفته‌های بررسی شده، فزونیِ استلزام سنج ه ای بر تعیین منزلت و جایگاه مفاهیم مورد نظر اشاره می کند و استلزام عمومی بر میزان اهمیتِ محتوای کلام  دلالت دارد. از میان ویژگی های استلزام نیز این یافته به دست آمد که حذف نکردن استلزام، نشان گر ثبات عقیده و موضع امام علی(ع) در مفاهیم اخلاقی یاد شده‌است و تغییر ظاهری پاره‌گفته‌ها، ناشی از تناسب کلام با موقعیت های گوناگون است.

Reading the moral concepts of Nahj ahBalaghah based on conversational implicative

1.INTRODUCTION It is very important to pay attention to nonlinguistic categories in studies in the field of linguistics, including applied studies.  Paying attention to the context and the human element along with interpersonal relationships in the analysis of texts leads to the achievement of hidden and unspoken meanings that, although apparently not mentioned in the word, but they are an integral part of it.  These unspoken and implicit meanings, known as conversational implicative, follow a violation of Grace’s principles of cooperation.  The current article tries to examine the communicative implication and implicit and implicit meanings in the two areas of ethical concepts of Nahj AlBalaghah by descriptiveanalytical method and by pragmatic reading in order to better understand and interpret them. To conduct this research, 71 sentences on the subject of language pests, kindness and goodness were selected and analyzed. The result of the research showed that Imam with a deep insight and according to the circumstances, have used more words and expressions that are a subset of the measurement and general implication.  The multiplicity of metaphorical implications in the studied phrases indicates the precise determination of the status and position of affairs and the existence of more general implications in wise sentences indicates the importance of the content of the word.  Among the characteristics of implication, it was concluded that the nonelimination of implication is a reason to prove the claim of Imam and shows the stability of his belief throughout Nahj AlBalaghah and the apparent change of expressions due to the appropriateness of words with the situation is different.The most important implications of conversational implicate according to George Yule are Generalized conversational implicate, scalar implicate, Particularized conversational implicate which is opposed to agreement implication or conventional implicate .  In public communication implication, the realization of the necessary inferences does not require any background knowledge of the context of the passages.  In meteorological implications, speech is usually calculated based on a value scale.  In this case, when producing a piece of speech, the speaker chooses the word that contains the most accurate information according to the conditions.  Conversations often take place in very specific contexts in which situational inferences are assumed.  Such inferences are necessary to understand the conveyed meanings that originate from specific communication implications.  Unlike communication implications, conventional implications are not based on principles of cooperation or solutions.  Conventional implications do not necessarily occur in the heart of the conversation, and their interpretation does not require a specific context. 2. METHODThe present study tries to study the noble text of Nahj AlBalaghah with a descriptiveanalytical method and shows how a pragmatic reading based on the implications and guarantees of communication leads to the discovery of the implicit meanings of this revered book.  The required data and information were extracted from the moral phrases of Nahj alBalaghah in the two subjects of the pests of language and benevolence and goodness based on the book AlMa’jum AlMawdu’i lunjah AlBalaghah’’ written by Owais Karim Mohammad. In the light of a pragmatic reading to identify, hidden communication implications let us deal with these concepts and in this way gain a deeper understanding and interpretation of it. 3 . CONCLUSIONBy examining the types of implications in 71 examples of ethical expressions about the pests of language and benevolence, it is concluded that the generalized conversational implicature and scalar implicature are higher than other implications.  The reason for this is the large number of audiences who, after accepting the religion, did not have enough information about its minor matters and sought its real limits and status.  For this reason, Imam as a leader has used scalar words to explain things accurately in order to convey the truth of the matter to the audience by measuring them and determining their position.  As can be seen in the research examples, most of the implications are in the wisdoms of this noble book, so the existence of a conversational implicature in the words of wisdom, which is a sensible speech, far from obscure, prudent, and convincing, implies prudence and persuasion. He has a deep thought of Imam. On the other hand, in most cases, the lack of elimination of communication implications is a reason for the truth of their words, and this is effective in gaining more audience trust. Finally, it is concluded that there is always a demand for knowledge for the audience of Nahj AlBalaghah, that is why this noble book, with its implicit meanings and conversational implicative, has always been able to work with the artist as much as possible.  Be open to your audience anytime, anywhere.