روند دستوری‌شدگی پسوندِ جمع‌ساز /–Gal/ در زبان‌های ایرانی

چند گروه از زبان‌های ایرانی، پسوندِ /–gal/ یا تکواژگونه‌های آن را به تنهایی یا در کنار پسوندهای دیگر، برای جمع بستنِ اسم به کار می‌برند. این پسوند، در اصل، اسم جمع و به معنای «گروه، دسته» بوده که سپس به چنین پسوندی با این نقشِ صرفی تبدیل شده‌است. این مقاله، نشان می‌دهد که پسوند //–gal و تکواژگونه‌های آن در نتیجۀ دستوری‌شدگی اسم «gal» به معنای «دسته، گروه» پدیدار شده‌اند. نخست، مقدمه‌ای دربارۀ دستوری‌شدگیِ پسوندهایِ جمع‌ساز در زبان‌های دنیا، ارائه شد. سپس، به بررسی ساخت و چگونگی کاربرد این پسوند در چند گروه از زبان‌های ایرانی که این پسوند را به کار می‌بردند پرداخته شد. پس از آن، مراحل شکل‌گیریِ این پسوند، در چارچوبِ فرایندِ دستوری‌شدگی بررسی شد. همچنین، نشان داده شد که هر یک از این گروه‌های زبانی در چه مرحله‌ای از فرایندِ دستوری‌شدگیِ این پسوند قرار دارند. علاوه بر این، سازوکارهای معنایی، آوایی، صرفینحوی و کاربردشناختی درگیر در فرایند دستوری‌شدگیِ این پسوند بررسی شده‌اند.

Grammaticalization of Plural Suffix –gal in Iranian Languages

In Persian and most of New Western Iranian languages also known as Iranian dialects, plurality is marked by –ān inherited from Western Middle Iranian plural marker. This marker derives from the genitive plural ending ānām, or by –ā from Middle Persian īhā, originally an abstract marker, developed as a plural marker in inanimate words. In some other languages like Talyshi, Semnani, Balochi, and Zazaki which have preserved at least a twocase system, the plural is marked by case ending which is used to distinguish not only cases but also number. There are six groups of Iranian languages that show an innovative form of the plural suffix gal taken from a collective suffix. The suffix has been formed as a result of grammaticalization of a collective noun gal “group, bound”. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate how the –gal or its allomorphs has been formed by grammaticalization of gal “group, band”. Traditionally grammaticalization refers to the increase of the range of a morpheme advancing from a lexical to a grammatical or from a less grammatical to a more grammatical status, for example, from a derivative formant to an inflectional one. But in its broadest sense, it refers to the process by which grammar is created. In other words, it offers an explanatory account of how and why grammatical categories arise and develop. Grammaticalization involves four interrelated mechanisms: 1. semantic reduction which means loss or reduction in content meaning; 2. context generalization, e.g. increase of use in new contexts; 3. decategorialization: loss in morphosyntactic properties characteristic of the source forms, including the loss of independent word status;  4. erosion or phonetic reduction, that is, reduction in phonetic substance. Each of these mechanisms is concerned with a different aspect of language structure or language use, respectively: (1) relates to semantics, (2) to pragmatics, (3) to morphosyntax, and (4) to phonetics. Each of these mechanisms gives rise to a development which can be described in the form of a threestage model as follows: first stage: there is a linguistic expression that is recruited for grammaticalization; second stage: this expression acquires a second use pattern, but there is ambiguity between the former pattern and the new one; third stage: finally, the former pattern is lost, and is replaced by the new pattern. After an introduction on grammaticalization, and its special use in development of plural markers derived from collective nouns, the morphological and functional features of gal is examined in six groups of New Western Iranian languages, including Bakhtiari, Boirahmadi, Ashtiani, Azarani, Eastern Balochi, and Southern Kurdish that utilize the suffix –gal as their plural marker. Considering that there is no historical evidence of this suffix use and by comparative analysis of morphological and functional features of the suffix and its allomorphs in the given languages, the stages of historical development in the grammaticalization of the suffix is recovered. Then the semantic, phonetic, pragmatic, and morphosyntactic mechanisms related to the grammaticalization is also examined. The suffix gal and its allomorphs are found in a number of Iranian languages. In Baxtiari, a variety of Lori, –gal/yal  is used for animate plural nouns, such as dorgal “daughters”, piyâyal “men”; beside the former plural marker –õw: behīgõw “brides”; while for inanimate nouns in this variety the plural marker is –ā: hīvehâ “firewoods”. In Boirahmadi, another Lori variety, the plural marker has two allomorphs –al and –yal which are the only plural markers used for all nouns, for instance, piyâyal “men”, dâral “trees”. Next, Azarani, a central Iranian language, uses –gal for nouns ending in a vowel: püragal “boys”, while the nouns ending in a consonant is marked by –ūn: vargūn “wolves”. In Ashtiani, Amora’i and Naya’i –gal is a general marker for plural nouns which may be combined with the plural ending –ân in oblique plural case: jârgal or jârgalân “children”. Still more, in Eastern Balochi gal is not a suffix, but it is a noun used as a morpheme of a collective meaning in combination with the noun; the compound noun is inflected in singular: zah.galā “kids” (OBL.SG). Finally, in Southern Kurdish, we find different varieties of the suffix as –gal, al and –ayl which are the general plural markers, for example, in Kermanshahi: the word ženayl which means“women”. Since no evidence of historical background for the suffix –gal in Iranian languages is found, to show the historical development of this suffix, we should compare the languages to cover the historical stages of its grammaticalization as much as possible. Comparative analysis of the languages demonstrates that Eastern Balochi shows the first cycle in the process, where gal “a number” is not used as a collective or plural suffix, but as a postnominal noun of a collective meaning in combination with the noun. In Ashtiani –gal is used as a plural marker but the oblique plural ending is also used after –gal. The next stage of grammaticalization is found in Baxtiari and Azarani, where the collective changes to plural, and –gal is used as plural suffix, but with degrees of optionality. The last stage is found in Boirahmadi, Southern Kurdish, Amora’i and Naya’i in which –gal turns into a new grammatical category, where this suffix is obligatory for all plural nouns and has developed to some allomorphs.