واژه نوه در کتیبه اشکانی شاپور اول در حاجی آباد و تطبیق آن با متون میانرودانی

ساختار و معنایِ بیشتر واژه ها، به کاربرد، نقش و اهمیتی بر می گردد که برای کاربرانش در زمان نخستین، داشته‌است. همچنین، شماری از واژه ها، طیِ تاریخِ  یک زبان، به دلایلی از زبانِ دیگر وام گرفته شده‌اند که این فرایند یکی از ویژگی های زبانی است. بر پایه این فرایند و طیِ مهاجرت اَریه ها به فلات ایران و جایگزین شدن به جای تمدن های میانرودانی، دگرگونی‌هایی در زبان های ایرانیِ باستان پدید آمد. همچنین، زبان‌های ایرانی باستان، تاثیراتی از زبان های میانرودانی باستان پذیرفتند. واژه «نوه» از جمله واژه‌هایی است که شکلِ نخستین آن، در هند و اروپایی و اَریه‌ای آغازین بازسازی شده‌است. هدف از نوشتنِ مقاله، این است که ساختار واژه «نوه» یا «پورپور» را در کتیبه حاجی‌آباد شاپور اول، بررسی نمائیم و اینکه این واژه مرکب از چه نوع ساختار زبانی پیروی می کند. از این رو، روش کار، نخست بررسی ساختار واژه «نوه» در دوران هند و اروپایی و متن‌های ایرانی باستان است. سپس، ساختِ دیگر آن را که به صورت «پورپور» در کتبیه جاجی‌آباد است، با هم‌ساخت خود در متن های میانرودانی مقایسه شد تا از جنبه ساختاری، به تغییر شکل آن در دوران میانه زبان فارسی و تاثیرپذیری آن از زبان های میانرودانی پی برده باشیم.

Puhrepuhr (Grandchild) in the Shahpur’s Inscription at HajiAbad by Comparison with Mesopotamian Texts

Linguistic, historical, and geographical conditions suggest that homogeneous communities settled in Eurasian and spoke ProtoIndoEuropean languages that began to expand around 4000 BCE. Mallory and some scholars believe that the IndoEuropean’s homeland was in the arid steppe of the PontCaspian region. Having migrated the IndoIranian groups, they probably occupied somewhere in central Asia (a geographical parallel to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) from where some Iranians migrated to the Iran’s plateau, while the IndoAryans migrated to the subcontinent (Mallory 1989:262). Grandson is one of the most controversial words in the IndoEuropean languages. This word is attested in most of IndoEuropean languages such as Celtic, Germanic, Italic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Greek, and IndoIranian. In the ProtoIndoEuropean languages *h2nepōt is used for ‘male descendant’ and h2neptih1/2 for ‘female descendant’. Buck believes that PIE *nepot probably consists of a compound of negative ‘ne’, and a form of stem, which is seen in Sanskrit pati, Latin potis ‘able’, etc., and literally means ‘powerless’(Buck.1944: 644). Paul Horn quotes from Leumann about PIE nēpōt which means ‘orphan’ (Horn.1883: 234), and Nourai regards nebh= ‘damp, humidity’ as a root (Nourai.2012: 322), but Helmut Rix does not think of nebh as the root of ‘nava’(Rix.2001: 448) . In the Old Indian, nápāt means ‘grandson, son, descendant’, which changes into nápātam in the accusative case and nápātah in the plural subjective case. In the Old Indian, apám nápāt compares with apąm napå in Avesta, which denotes ‘son of waters’. náptr̥ is the strong (vrdhi) stem of nápāt in the Old Indian, which originates from the rainy cloud. Napāt in the Old Avesta, and naptar, nafǝδar, in the Young Avesta means ‘grandson and sisters’ son’. This word seems to be used with the apąm to mean “grandson of waters” and originates from mountain and naptya denotes ‘descendant’. Darius the Great applied napāt to describe his pedigree in Bihstun Inscription. Horn regards nápāt as Old Iranian word for nava in the New Persian, which has evolved into nevi in Kurdish, and nwasia in Baluchi of the Iranian’s dialects. The ‘nava’ or grandson is transcribed ‘nab’ into the Middle Persian, which originates in *napak of the Pahlavi Language (Horn.1883: 234). The noun structure in the Sumerian language, however, is based on nominal chains which include primary nouns such as dumu, ‘son’, ‘child’, and a number of verbal roots employing as a noun like ti ‘lie’, buru ‘hole’. The use of primary nouns was relatively limited, and the Sumerian language, instead, applied a large number of nominal compounds. In the Sumerian language, ‘dumu’ stands for “son”, and ‘dumuka’ for “grandson”, which Sumerian kings referred to in their communications. A Sumerian king, Gudae C. 2141 2122 B.C, ruled over Lagash city and was a patron of the arts and the builder of a new temple at Girsu. Sumerian texts in Gudae era indicate “grandson or dumuka”. Furthermore, nouns in the Akkadian language are declined in the three cases of singular: nominative (stemum), genitive (stemim), accusative (stemam), (dual: nom?n, gen,acc in; and plural: nom?, gen, acc, ?) or the three statuses of rectus status, constructus status, and absolutus rectus. In the Old Akkadian languages, the words of dumuka, DUMU DUMU, TUR TUR, ablu abli, bin bini, and liblibi use for ‘grandson’ and we describe them in the Akkadian lingual branches which all except for dumuka take the reduplicated forms. There are some reduplicated words in the Old and Middle Akkadian language, and some words and prefixes are used for the family members in the Kassite period such as mār= son; marat= daughter; TUR or Mar=son; TURSAL or Marat=daughter; TURTUR=grandson; KAL =adult; KALTURTUR=adult grandson. Moreover, among the survived texts of the Assyrian language, nouns have the three numbers of singular, dual and plural , as well as the three declinable case of the nominative, ending in –u; the genitive, ending in –i; and the accusative, ending in –a. We have a few words which applied for ‘grandson’, such as DUMU DUMU, TUR TUR, ablu abli, bin bini, liblibi. Just like the noun structure in the Assyrian language, nouns are declined in the three number of singular, plural and dual; and three cases of nominative, accusative and genitive, and compounds along with reduplicated words coincide with those of the Assyrian language. In the Young Babylonian period, we see the same of structure and reduplicated stem with genitive case such as ban bani ‘grandson’, liblibbi, mār māri and other reduplicated words. However, nouns in the Aramaic language may be divided into two groups: 1nouns with the Aramaic origin and loanwords adapted to Aramaic morphology 2 loanwords which have not been adapted to Aramaic morphology. The former groups with original Aramaic stock end for the most part in either (–a) or (–ta). The latter groups of loanwords are adapted to Aramaic morphology. They adopted this nominal inflection through the suffixing of the ending (–a) or, in a few cases, (ta). In the Aramaic language and its subbranches bar applies for son, grandson, and bar bar in the same meaning. In addition, ben bane means a son which in the widest sense includes grandson.