بررسی پیوندهای زبانی میان پهلوی اشکانی و نوشته‌هایی از گویش گرگانی

پهلوی اشکانی، یکی از زبان های ایرانی است که نوشته های آن در دوره میانه زبان های ایرانی از اشکانیان، ساسانیان و پیروان دین مانوی بر جای مانده‌است. در دوره نو زبان های ایرانی، دیگر اثری از این زبان در دست نیست. با این همه، گویش های ایرانی نو هر یک به گونه ای دنباله یکی از زبان های ایرانی در دوره میانه و باستانی زبان های ایرانی هستند. پاره ای از زبان های ایرانی دوره نو را می توان دنباله یکی از زبان‌های ثبت‌شده دوره میانه دانست. برای نمونه، زبان فارسی دنباله فارسی میانه است و یغنابی دنباله سغدی است. پرسش این است که آیا می‌توان گویشی ایرانی در دوره نو را دنباله پهلوی اشکانی دانست؟ این پژوهش بر آن است تا با بررسی نوشته‌های برجای مانده از فرقه حروفیه که در کتاب واژه‌نامه گرگانی صادق کیا (kya, 2012) آمده‌است، پیوندهای زبانی میان پهلوی اشکانی و گویش گرگانی را از دید واژگانی، واجی و نحوی روشن نماید. برای این کار، واژه ها و جمله هایی از پهلوی اشکانی تورفانی و کتیبه ای برگزیده شده و با واژه ها و جمله هایی از گویش گرگانی در نوشته های فرقه حروفیه سنجیده شده‌است. در پایان، این نتیجه به دست آمد که گویش گرگانی یکی از بازمانده های زبان ایرانی پهلوی اشکانی بوده که تا دوره تیموری یا پس از آن در گرگان رواج داشته و سپس رو به خاموشی رفته‌است.

Investigation of language Relationships between Parthian and Gurgâni Texts of Hurufiyye

The term Iranian language is used for any language which is descended from protoIranian language, spoken in central Asia. Iranian languages have been spoken in the areas from Chinese Turkistan to the Western Europe. This language (protoIranian) comes from proto IndoAryan. The Iranian and IndoIranian (Aryan) languages belong to the main language called protoIndo European language.This language perhaps was spoken in the area of southern Russia. The Iranian languages have three chronological periods: Old, Middle and New Iranian languages. Persian is the only language which has document in three stages. The Iranian languages in old Iranian stage are Median, Persian, Saka and Avesta which have corpus or words in corpus languages. The Iranian languages in Middle stage are Persian, Parthian, Sodian, Bactria, Chorosmian, and Saka languages from which the Parthian belongs to the north west Iranian languages. The Parthian languages have evidences in Middle stage and New stage of Iranian languages. This language has also evidences in Parthian period and Sassanian period.The Parthian evidences are also from Manichaean literature. The Manichaean literature belongs to Manichaean Religion. It is from Arsakid and Sassanian period and also from Islamic period.The known Middle Iranian language spoken from about 3 centuries include: Khotanese, Sogdian, Chorasanian, and in Bactria Bactrian was spoken. In Parthia, Parthian was spoken as the language of Arsacids. In pars of preSasanian  dynasty, Middle Persian, called Pahlavi was spoken. This language became the official language of  Sassanian dynasty. It was the language of Zoroastrian literature called Pahlavi.Today the Iranian language is spoken in Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, in the west of Chinese Turkestan and Pakistan, Afganistan and Tajikistan. These languages are Ossetic spoken in Ossetia: Digoroa and Iron. Kurdish spoken in three variants in eastern Turkey  and Syria, northern Iraq and west Iran, Baluchi, spoken in eastern Iran and western Pakistan and in southern Afghanistan and central Asia and Pashto spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan.These languages and dialects can be divided in to several larger groups on the basis of grammatical, phonetic and lexical isoglosses.The languages of southeastern and southern Iran often have a/d/ where other Iranian languages have /z/ (for example, dân, Farsi to know, but zân in Kurdish). Other asoglosses, for example the word for “to do” kar/Kard (Kird) and kun/kurd (kird), gōwgoft in farsi and wāč (wāj/wāxt) in west Iranian dialects (Kurdi, Gruganni, Taleši and so on).The start of Parthian period may be placed after the middle of the 3rd century BCE. When the conflict between Seleucus II and his brother Antiochus Hierax opened the way for the eruption of the nomadic Iranian Parthians in to the province of Parthian in north west of Iran also the (Selucid dynasty). After that, they become known as Parthian and they used the Middle Iranian language of north west of Iran (Parthian language).The subsequent establishment of the Parthian empire took place in two stages: Mithradatse I (ca 171139 BCE) and Mithradates II (ca 12488 BCE). In this time the territorial expansion completed.As said, Parthian in one the Iranian language the text of which has remained in the middle period of Iranian languages from the Parthians and followers of Manichaean religion. There is no trace of this language in the modern period of Iranian languages. Nevertheless, the New Iranian dialects each follow one of the Iranian languages in the middle and ancient period. Some of new Iranian languages can be considered the sequel of the Middle period languages. For instance, the Persian language is classified a continuation of Middle Persian and the Yaghani is a continuation of Sogdian. The question is, can an Iranian dialect in the new era be considered as a continuation of Parthian language?The study aims to clarify the linguistic links between the Parthian and Gorgâni dialect from the verbal, phonological, and syntactic point of view, by examining the literary works of Hurufiyye sect, written in Sadegh Kia’s Gorgâni Dictionary. To this end, words and sentences have been selected from the Turfan and inscriptional Parthian, and have been compared with the words and sentences of the Gorgâni dialect in the Hurufiyye works.The Hurufiyye works belong to an Islamic sect, which believe in the meaning of the words. This sect had written these works in new Persian, but with elements from Gurgâni dialect.In the end, the result shows that Gurgâni dialect, in the investigated evidence, can have links with one of the survivors of the Middle Iranian language, the Parthian. This dialect has been prevalent in Gurgâni since the Teymurid era or later, and then has gone into silence.