بازنمایی تصویر ’انگلستان’ در وب سایت یادگیری زبان انگلیسی bbc: ترویج استعمار الکترونیکی

امروزه، اینترنت یک عنصر ضروری در نظام آموزشی کشورهای پیشرفته است. به سبب پیشرفت سریع فناوری، سهولت برقراری ارتباطات و قابلیت اجتماعی این رسانه، اهمیت آن در آموزش رشته های گوناگون آموزشی، از جمله زبان انگلیسی در سراسر جهان رو به افزایش است. پژوهش‌های گسترده‌ای در پیوند با تاثیرات مثبت بهره‌گیری از اینترنت در آموزش زبان انگلیسی انجام شده‌است. با این وجود، بررسی انتقادی آن، مبحث جدیدی است که کمتر مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از مدل چهاروجهی ایدئولوژیک ون دایک (van dijk, 2004) به بررسی انتقادی بازنمایی تصویر انگلستان در درس‌های بخش «lingohack» وب‌گاه یادگیری زبان انگلیسی بی‌بی‌سی، طی دو سال پرداخته است. بر پایه تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی درس‌هایی که دربرگیرنده واژه کلیدی مرتبط با انگلستان بودند، یافته‌هایی به دست آمد. بر پایه این یافته‌ها، بی.بی.سی با استفاده از دست‌کاری های زبانی ویژه‌ای که گرایش به بازنمایی مثبت و مطلوب اعضای گروه خودی دارند، به ترویج هنجارهای اجتماعی و ارزش‌های اعتقادی، القاء برتری علمی و فناوری و تبیین سیاست‌های نظام انگلستان می پردازد. پرورش چنین ذهنیتِ ایده آلی از نظام و تفکر انگلیسی، در بین زبان آموزان سراسر جهان از برنامه درسی پنهان وب سایت یادگیری زبان انگلیسی بی.بی.سی سرچشمه می گیرد که سعی در ترویج شکل جدیدی از استعمار را دارد. بر پایه پیش‌بینی نظریه استعمار الکترونیک مک فیل(mcphail, 2006) ، قرار گرفتن در معرض چنین درس‌هایی در دراز مدت، از سویی درک زبان آموزان از هویت و فرهنگ خودشان را به خطر انداخته و از سوی دیگر ارزش‌ها و هنجارهای انگلیسی را رواج می دهد.

The Representation of ’Britain’ in BBC English Learning Website: Promoting Electronic Colonialism

The Internet is already an essential element of education in all developed countries and its worldwide educational significance will continue to increase due to its constant technological development, communicative power, and social potential. Internetmediated English learning has lately attracted both English teachers and learners due to the numerous advantages including the increased accessibility, quick information retrieval, flexibility in the pace of learning, etc. In spite of their popularity, the Internetmediated English learning materials have rarely been critically analyzed. The present study aimed to critically investigate LingoHack lessons of BBC English Learning Website which claims to teach new words and phrases through watching and reading the transcripts of the latest BBC World News bulletin, trying to investigate whether these educational materials were promoting different aspects of electronic colonialism. This is a theory proposed by McPhail (1987) which tries to discover and uncover the colonial goals of multimedia giants produced in the core countries which seek to control the minds of people from the periphery countries. Thus, the lessons that were published from the beginning of the year 2016 to the end of the year 2017 were searched for the key term Britain plus its directly and indirectly related items both electronically and manually and 77 out of 270 news articles were found to contain the key terms. The corpus was analyzed by being classified based on their subject matters into three categories: Britain’s science and technology (26 news stories), Britain’s health and lifestyle (42 news stories), and Britain’s politics (9 news stories). Applying Van Dijk’s (2004) Ideological Square Model of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the researchers attempted to critically analyze the representation of Britain within BBC news lessons in terms of their hidden potential curriculum. Ideological Square Model accounts for the ways discourses represent groups of people in a process of polarization between Us and Them through: (a) emphasizing information that is positive about Us, (b) emphasizing information that is negative about Them, (c) deemphasizing information that is positive about Them, and (d) deemphasizing information that is negative about Us (van Dijk, 1998, p. 267).Van Dijk believed in a hierarchy of power in which those who are able to influence and control people’s minds can indirectly control their actions through persuasion and manipulation as well. Therefore, his model plus 27 strategies for ideological discourse analysis listed by van Dijk (2004) were suitable for exploring the manipulations applied to the target educational materials in this study. In order to answer the research question, all BBC news video transcripts from LingoHack lessons involving the key terms were critically analyzed and noteworthy results were obtained and since the CDA analysis of all these news stories were too long to be included in this article, 6 samples from those presenting the manipulative functions of the target ELT content were discussed in detail. Even before considering CDA analysis, BBC Online appeared to be biased in selecting news video stories as ELT materials which were claimed to be international, while there existed plenty of British stories. The findings for the first category revealed that BBC Internetmediated lessons have had manipulative purposes in choosing particular news stories and attempting to obtain illegitimate domination through the formation of biased mental models offered by emphasizing positive information about Britain’s superior scientific and technological capabilities. Similarly, critical analysis from the second category showed that Britain as a core country also attempted to advertise its own values and norms through selecting biased news articles within health and lifestyle domain which tried to direct the audience’s attention toward ideal and high quality living conditions in Britain. Findings from the third category also revealed that Britain was presented positively as a powerful and supportive country in political news stories and that was a true example of promoting electronic colonialism. On the whole, BBC Internetmediated English learning program was found to promote certain British ideological values, scientific superiorities, and political messages through applying particular discursive structures that tend to describe ingroup members in a positive or at least neutral way. Developing such an ideal British mentality in English learners was on the basis of a hidden curriculum which tried to promote a new kind of colonialism. So, as McPhail’s (2006) Electronic Colonialism Theory postulates, long term exposure to these English learning materials would threaten individuals’ perception of their identity and culture and disseminate British norms and values. Therefore, the Website users need to be conscious of the secret threats of the Internet technology and develop critical view in order to be wise autonomous learners. The researchers also have to closely investigate the oneway flow of media messages from the core to the peripheral countries, including online English educational materials and the purposes of the producing nations as well as the influences on receiving nations.