مقایسه‌ افعال حرکتی در دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی از دیدگاه شناختی و رده‌شناختی

مقوله «حرکت» در زبان‌های گوناگون، می‌تواند با استفاده از فعل های حرکتی بیان شود که نحوه رمزگذاری آن در  زبان‌های گوناگون تفاوت دارد. هدفِ پژوهش حاضر، مقایسه فعل های حرکتی در دو زبان فارسی و انگلیسی است. در این راستا، از دیدگاه شناختی و رده‍شناختی تالمی (talmy, 2000b) در پیوند با زبان‍های فعل محور و قمر محور بهره گرفته شده است. به باور وی، ﻗﻤر، ﻣﻘﻮله دﺳﺘﻮریِ هر سازه ای، ﻏﻴﺮ از متمم گروه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺮف‌اﺿﺎﻓﻪایِ ﻫﻤﺮاهِ ﻓﻌﻞ است ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ رﻳشه ﻓﻌﻞ راﺑﻄﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺮی دارد. به این منظور، بر اساس پیکره مرتب شده افعال حرکتی ازکیا (azkia, 2012) 360  فعل حرکتی گردآوری شدند که 180 فعل به فارسی و 180 فعل به انگلیسی، تعلق داشتند. این فعل های حرکتی با استفاده از فرهنگ‍های دوزبانه و یک‌زبانه (آریان‍پور، آکسفورد، و عمید) در بافت جمله بررسی و ترجمه شدند. سپس از جنبه فعل محور یا قمر محور بودن، نحوه تقسیم‍بندی عناصر معنایی و قمر غالب  با یک دیگر مقایسه شدند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان دادکه زبان فارسی بر خلاف زبان انگلیسی، گرایش بیشتری به سوی قمر محور بودن دارد. قمر غالب در زبان فارسی، قمرِ حالت و در انگلیسی، قمرِ جهت است. در نهایت، عناصر معنایی زبان فارسی به نسبت زبان انگلیسی، قمر محورتر عمل می‍کنند و هر یک از این دو زبان، دسته‌بندی ویژه خود را در ارتباط با نظریه تالمی دارند.

Comparison of motion verbs in Persian and English languages (A cognitive and typological approach)

In different languages, motion can be expressed through motion verbs that are encoded differently in different languages. The aim of this research is to compare the motion verbs in both Persian and English languages from the cognitive and typological perspectives based on the theoretical framework of Talmy (2000b) regarding the verbframed and satelliteframed languages. He (Talmy, 2000b, p. 102) describes “satellite as the grammatical category of any constituent other than a noun phrase or prepositionalphrase complement that is in a sister relation to the verb root”. It can be a bound affix or a free word. According to Talmy, the following can act as satellites in languages:“1 English verb particles, 2 German separable and inseparable verb prefixes, 3 Latin or Russian verb prefixes, 4 Chinese verb complements, 5 Lahu non head versatile verbs, 6 Caddo incorporated nouns, 6 Atsugewi polysynthetic affixes around the verb root.”Levin (1993) classified the verbs in terms of motion, measure, avoid, color, communication, weather, etc. Ferez (2008) investigated the motion verbs in English and Spanish languages. This comparison showed similarities and differences between two languages. One of the similarities is that both languages have Path verbs. He also found that both languages have more Walking verbs than Running or Jumping verbs. One of the differences that was found was that path verb lexicon in Spanish is larger in size than English. In Iran, Azkia (2012) investigated motion in Persian language from the cognitive and typological approach. After collecting 435 motion verbs based on Talmy’s definition of motion events from “Sokhan” and “Moin” dictionaries, she analyzed them based on congnitive and typological framework. She also analayzed them under lexicalization pattern.She found that in Persian language, 3 forms of satellites, namely “Figure”, “Path” and “Ground”, can be located beside the verb. She also drew the following diagram, while mentioning it is just a hypothesis and extensive research should be done to confirm it (Azkia, 2012, p. 251): Figure > Path > GroundAfrashi and Hemmati (2016), Nateghi (2012), and Mesgar khoyi (2013 & 2016) have worked on motion verbs and motion events, too.Based on sorted corpus of Azkia (2012), 180; and a total of 360 motion verbs (Persian and English) were collected, checked and translated in the context of sentence using bilingual and monolingual dictionaries (Oxford, Aryanpur and Amid). Then, they were compared in terms of being verbframed or satelliteframed, classification of semantic elements and the dominant satellite. Our research involved discussion and analysis of data collected about manner, path, ground and figure.We divided path into 5 parts in Persian that involved:Satelliteframed specified path, in this kind of path, the path shows the exact path (e.g. so`ud kardan); 2 verbframed specified path (e.g. afrāštan); 3 verbframed unspecified path (e.g. āvardan); 4 satelliteframed unspecified path (e.g. tey kardan); and 5 satelliteverbframed specified path (e.g. bar afrāštan). Also, we divided path into 3 parts in English language that involved:Satelliteframed specified path (e.g. come out); 2 verbframed specified path (e.g. crash); and 3 verbframed unspecified path (e.g. traverse). Manner in Persian language is divided into two parts:In satelliteframed verbs (e.g. pilipili kardan); 2 in verbframed verbs (e.g. šalidan). In English it has two forms too:In satelliteframed verbs (e.g. overturn) and in verbframed verbs (e.g. dance). Figure and ground can be found in Persian language in the form of satelliteframed:Figure in verbs like “šāne zadan” and ground in verbs like “havā kardan”. In English, figure can be seen in verbs like “weight lift” and “iron” in the form of satelliteframed and verbframed, respectively, and ground is seen in the form of verbframed in a verb like “fly”.The prefixes and coverbs mentioned here are examples of satellites in Persian language:1      bāz / bar (bāz gaštan / bar gaštan): back / opposite2      boland (boland kardan): upward3      xārej (xārej šodan): outside4      dāxel (daxel šodan): inside5      nazdik (nazdik šodan): near, front6      vāred (vāred šodan): insideThe results showed that the Persian language, unlike English tends to be more satelliteframed. Manner and path are the dominant satellites in the Persian and English, respectively. Finally, the semantic elements of Persian language are more satelliteframed than the English language. Each of these two languages has its own special classification toward Talmy’s theory. We can draw the satellites hierarchical diagram in both languages as follows: Persian language:Manner > Specified Path > Unspecified Path > Figure > GroundEnglish language:Specified Path > Manner / Figure