آموزش شبکه های فعلی زبان فارسی: مقایسه عملکرد فارسی آموزان غیرایرانی در پاسخگویی به پرسش‌های استنتاجی و جایگزینی

در پژوهش حاضر تاثیر آموزش مستقیم شبکه های فعلی زبان فارسی بر میزان پاسخ گویی زبان‌آموزان به پرسش‌های استنتاجی و جایگزینی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. پژوهشگران، ابتدا یک گروه از فارسی آموزان غیرایرانی در سطح پیشرفته را به ‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب کردند. با برگزاری پیش آزمون، زبان‌آموزانی را از میان آن ها برگزیدند که از دانشِ واژگانی غنی تری برخوردار بودند. پس از تهیه 3 درس که هر یک دارای 27 شبکه فعلی پربسامد زبان فارسی بود و آموزش آن ها به روش مستقیم (آشکار) بود. در پایان هر درس یک پس آزمون (در مجموع سه پس آزمون) شامل پرسش‌های استنتاجی و جایگزینی اجرا گردید. درس ها به گونه ای طراحی شده بودند که فعل ها به شکل خوشه ای یا شبکه ای تدریس گردد و مدرس زبان فارسی برای هر شبکه فعلی زمان لازم را صرف نماید. پس از برگزاری آزمون‌ها، نمره های زبان آموزان در دو بخش پرسش های استنتاجی و جایگزینی با روش‌های آماری تحلیل شد. یافته های پژوهش نشان داد زبان‌آموزان توانسته بودند به کمک آموزش مستقیم شبکه های فعلی زبان فارسی به پرسش‌های استنتاجی و جایگزینی پاسخ دهند. همچنین یافته های مقایسۀ پارامترها، اختلاف معناداری را بین میانگین آزمون‌های استنتاجی و جایگزینی نشان‌ نداد.

Teaching Persian Verbal Networks to Non Iranian Learners: A Comparison of their Performance in Answering to the Alternative and Inclusive Questions

1. Introduction The present study explores the direct effects of teaching Persian lexical network on the level of foreign Persian language learners with respect to inferential and substitution questions. Raghibdoost and Jamshidi (2012) state that direct teaching of lexical network significantly improves the learning ability of foreign Persian language learners. Moreover, adaptation of inferential and substitution questions in taskbased modules has enabled the authors of the current research to develop the present study based on the learners’ responses. When learners read a word, an image is stored in their sensory memory which is then transferred to shortterm memory (where one’s current and temporary memories are stored) to be retrieved immediately in the cases of emergency. In other words, shortterm memory serves as the information storage while functioning verbal tasks. It is, therefore, known as functional memory also. To identify and find the meaning of a word or a term, one searches the shortmemory, and if needed, it can be transferred and stored in the longterm memory (Filed, 2002:19). The word information shall then be retrieved from longterm memory. When learners store a word in their shortterm memory, they would only be familiar with its image and answer substitution questions. However, according to psychologists’ findings and reports, if the appropriate teaching method is applied, the learners transfer the acquired data into their longterm memory. Thus, when learners search for the answer of a question, they come across a network of related words and can easily answer inferential questions. 2. Objectives of the study The present study attempts to investigate the impact of explicit teaching of Persian verbal networks on the responses learners provide to the inferential and substitution questions. It seeks to show how learning lexical network contributes to better answering the inferential and substitution questions, as well as identifying the questions that are attempted most frequently. 3. Methodology The present study adopts an experimental and comparative approach. First, a preliminary test was given and administered to select learners who were more familiar with lexical networks. It is worth noting that the principles of taskbased teaching were used to design the modules of this research. The study focuses more on reading skill but also contains listening, speaking and, writing skills to provide for parallel development of all skills. Each of the three modules taught consists of 27 verbal networks which amounts to 107 verbs overall including their subsection. At the end of the teaching session, exam questions were given into two categories of ‘inferential (in the form of True or False)’ and ‘substitution (substituting verbs in the same network)’. Learners’ answers were analyzed and compared using SPSS software. Inferential questions: Based on the syllabus covered in each module, and the hope for measuring learners’ ability to identify synonymous words, five True/False questions were given. The applicants were required to refer to their memory to provide the correct answer.  Substitution questions: In this part, initially, six verbs presented in the module were given as choices in five questions eliminating the verb in each question. The applicants were asked to substitute the correct verb for each question. It is worth noting that in designing posttest questions, transitive, intransitive, and linking verbs were used and the instructor implicitly emphasized the substitution principles. 4. Research Findings Posttest results were analyzed to measure the difference in the performance of applicants in answering inferential or substitution questions. The obtained mean of inferential questions (10.20) was higher than that of substitution questions (9.73; SD= 2.98). However, the results of ttest (P>0.05, 0.73=14) and the effect size indicator (R=0.19) showed no significant difference between the means of inferential and substitution questions. 5. Conclusion The present study suggests innovative ways of teaching lexical network and the use of connections between verbs in teaching Persian. The findings show that all learners were keen on benefiting from this semantic network of verbs. They, even, requested the researchers for the design of a dictionary for this purpose. Learners of the experimental group stated that attending classes helped them improve their knowledge of Persian. It can, therefore, be concluded that compiling Persian lexical network is of crucial importance to helping foreign Persian language learners.