بر همکنش‌های اقتصادی- سیاسی جوامع جنوب ‌شرقی فلات ایران با شبه‌‌قارۀ هند و میان‌رودان( در طی هزارۀ سوم ق.م؛ مطالعۀ موردی، تجارت سنگ‌های قیمتی)

تحلیل روابط درون و برون منطقه ای هزارۀ سوم در جنوب‌شرقی فلات ایران با شبه قارۀ هند و میان رودان براساس سنگ های ارزشمند و قیمتی، مساله اصلی پژوهش حاضر است. یکی از مهم‌ترین راه های درک روابط و بر همکنش های اقتصادی- سیاسی جوامع اواخر پیش از تاریخ و آغاز تاریخی، مقایسه و مطالعه‌ فرهنگ مادی است. با توجه به اینکه هزارۀ سوم ق.م در فلات ایران، دورۀ گستردگی بر همکنش ها محسوب می گردد، بسط و توسعۀ مبادلات اقتصادی- سیاسی در پیشرفت جوامع بسیار تاثیرگذار بوده است. در این‌خصوص محوطه های باستان شناختی شاخص در جنوب‌شرقی ایران شایان توجه هستند. محوطه های جنوب‌شرقی فلات ایران در روند تجارت، نقش واسطه صرف را بازی نمی کرده اند، بلکه بعد از وارد کردن مواد خام، با ساخت و پرداخت مواد تجاری و تبدیل آن به کالاهای آماده یا نیمه آماده آن را به سایر نقاط صادر می کرده اند. روش پژوهش حاضر براساس اطلاعات حاصل از کاوش ها و پژوهش های باستان شناسی حوزۀ مورد مطالعه و بهره گیری از منابع کتابخانه ای است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان می دهد که چگونه توسعۀ روابط تجاری و به ویژه تجارت فرامنطقه ای به‌عنوان عاملی مهم در گسترش و توسعۀ استقرارهای هزارۀ سوم عمل نموده است.

the economic-political interactions of the southeastern societies in the iranian plateau with the indian subcontinent and mesopotamia during the third millennium b.c.: a case of precious stones trade

2- introduction the issue of economic interactions is one of the components of the reconstruction of the social history of human societies based on real evidence that has received attention since the middle of the twentieth century in research about changes in ancient social organizations. from the middle of the twentieth century onwards, efforts have been made to explain the cultural changes of the societies in the past in relation to their environmental resources from a processed-based evolutionary perspective )steward, 1942: 337- 43(. these topics continued to expand and improve in the form of research about economic and social dynamics and social and economic relations of ancient societies) polanyi, 1963: 30-45(. influenced by new archaeological approaches, issues such as organization and scale of production and distribution, and cultural interactions were introduced to investigate the social and economic history of ancient societies )costin, 1991: 1-55). in the course of cultural interactions between different regions in southwest asia, trade networks, mechanisms for the exchange of raw materials and handicrafts, and trans-regional relations emerged. accordingly, people could travel between societies and exchange ideas. additionally, political principles and central institutions were formed and the economic-social dynamics came about (brumfiel and earle, 1971: 1-9). furthermore, the iranian plateau has also played an important role in the developments in the 3rd and 4th millennia b.c. in southwest asia (tosi, malek shahmirzadi joyenda, 1992: 310-261). the cultural relations between iran and its neighbors, including mesopotamia and the indian subcontinent, have existed for thousands of years. relations between these regions have long been considered by researchers from different disciplines such as archeology, economics, history, politics, and culture and art (majidzadeh, 1989: 150-152). the proximity of these civilizations encouraged many interactions. one of the most important fields that investigate these interactions is archeology, which can help reconstruct cultural and economic interactions and relations between the human settlements in the iranian plateau and the neighboring regions, by using various research instruments and patterns and by studying discovered cultural artifacts (seyyed sejjadi, 2001: 131-140). most of these regions were known as one geographic region in the past. by looking at their past, we find that the third millennium b.c.