تخصص‌‌گرایی، پیچیدگی‌‌های اقتصادی و مبادلات تجاری شمال‌‌شرق ایران برمبنای داده‌‌های قاراچشمه نیشابور

با وجود کاوش‌‌ها و بررسی‌‌های باستان‌‌شناختی پراکنده در منطقۀ شمال‌‌شرق ایران، تاکنون در این منطقه مطالعۀ تخصص‌‌گرایی فن و میزان و مقیاس پیچیدگی‌‌های اقتصادی صورت‌‌نپذیرفته‌‌است. شمال‌‌شرق ایران به‌‌دلیل منابع معدنی فراوان و قرار‌‌گرفتن در مسیر ارتباطی بزرگ خراسان، همواره در طول تاریخ دارای اهمیت مکانی و اقتصادی ویژه‌‌ای بوده‌‌است. با آگاهی از این اهمیت در این مقاله تلاش شده‌‌است که فرایند تخصصی‌‌شدن محصولات و پیچیدگی‌‌های اقتصادی و مبادلات تجاری موجود در این منطقه بر‌‌اساس یافته‌‌های به‌‌دست‌‌آمده از محوطۀ باستانی قاراچشمه نیشابور مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. هدف این پژوهش، مشخص‌‌کردن روند ظهور جوامع با ساختار پیچیدۀ اقتصادی، شروع تخصص‌‌گرایی و شناسایی ارتباطات و تعاملات فرهنگی درون‌‌منطقه‌‌ای و برون‌‌منطقه‌‌ای این حوزۀ جغرافیایی در خلال پیچیده‌‌شدن جوامع است. در این پژوهش تحلیل برپایۀ یافته‌‌های میدانی و مطالعۀ تطبیقی داده‌‌های حاصل از کاوش بوده‌‌است و نتایج این پژوهش حکایت از آن دارد که محوطۀ باستانی قاراچشمه در طول هزارۀ سوم پیش‌‌از‌‌میلاد دارای تخصص‌‌پذیری بوده و کالاهای انبوهی تولید می‌‌کرده که از‌‌طریق راه‌‌های ارتباطی، فرهنگ‌‌های شمال‌‌شرق ایران را به جنوب ترکمنستان، درّۀ سند در شبه‌‌قارۀ هند و جنوب‌‌شرق ایران متصل می‌‌کرده‌‌است. این ویژگی‌‌ها نشان از توسعه و تحول جوامع پیچیدۀ اقتصادی و سیاسی در شمال‌‌شرق ایران دارد که توسط گروهی از نخبگان اقتصادی و اجتماعی اداره می‌‌شده‌‌است و بر تولید کالا و در مدیریت راه‌‌های ارتباطی نقش بسیاری داشته‌‌است.

Specialization, Economic Complexities and Commercial Transactions of Northeastern Iran based on the data of Gharashshmeh Neishabur

1      Introduction: Moghatel Ibn Soleiman Balkhi is one of the great scholars of the Qur'an and Hadiths of the Islamic world. He has relied on some of the most innovative and valuable works such as AlAshbah and AlNazaire and Interpretation of Moghatel. Nevertheless, Moghatel is considered to be generally wounded in the narrative; Some Sunni scholars such as Abu Hanifa, Ibn Sa'd, Ibn Mu'in, Ibn Rawiya, Bukhari, Nasā'ī, Ibn 'Edi and Ibn Hānban have accused him of being false and ill. In addition, Ibn Huban likened him to the accusation of interpreting Israelis in commentary. Ja'zjani and Khatib Baghdadi called him a brave fake, and some even called him Mahdor alDham and Zahabi made a consensus on his quest. Some Shiite reciters have also narrated the same allegations.  On the other hand, some of them are praised especially in commentary. Abu Hanifa ordered his interpretation. Ibn Mubarak and Sufyan ibn Abdul Malik praised his commentary, with the exception of his documents. Sofyan ibn Oe'ineh assisted in the reasoning of the contents of the book. Moghatel bin Hayan saw the knowledge of the martal against the knowledge of others like the ocean compared to other seas. Shafi'i considered the people in the interpretation of Ayal Moghatel. Ibn Hanbal said: I do not know much about him in interpretation. Ibn Odi counted the interpretation of Mu'atlit as the ultimate interpretation of the Qur'an after Kelby. Ibrahim Hobbi has called for your carelessness! Some Shi'a scholars have also described goodness to him. Given the fact that the votes on the arrogance and his leading role in the interpretation of the Qur'an, the greatness and significance of this interpretation, and that the narrative in his commentary has a special place. Recognition of the Hadith personality is important. 2      Research Methodology The present paper, which is descriptiveanalytical, the information necessary for its writing was compiled by referring to various references, interpretations and dates of the Persian Gulf, and then, along with some articles related to the arrogance, this information has been analyzed. In this regard, at first, various allegations of martyr, and then his qualifications and prominence, and the validity of his narrations, have been investigated. 3. Discussion The surveys show that the most important accusations are: False and exaggeration (Balkhi, 1423 AH, p. 5, p. 24, 43, 60, Khatib Baghdadi, 1417 AH, 13, p. 164 Razi, 1372, 8, p. 354 and Shayeste Nejad, 2008, B, p. 100) The narration of Israelite (Balkhi, 1423 AH, C 3, p. 490, p. 5, p. 60 and Baji, B.T, p. 271) The likeness of God (Khatib Baghdadi, 1417 AH, p. 13, p. 167 and Ibn Habban, B.T, J 3, p. 14) Enemy with the AhlulBayt (AS) (Balkhi, 1423 AH, p. 1, p. 188 and 374, p. 2, p. 199, p. 4, pp. 887 and 66) Accompany with the rulers (Khatib Baghdadi, 1417 AH, 13, p. 168, Ibn Asakir, 1415 AH, 60, 126, and Mezi, 1413 AH, 28, p. 466) Due to the simplicity of the Moghatel, the false relation to him is not correct. The Israeli referendum does not belong to him, but his scientific pride and exaggeration are far from correct. He denies the likeness of himself. If this ratio is proven, the behavior of the martyrs can be interpreted as the work of other scholars. He has a nonShiite view of the Ahl alBayt (AS), and has counted a significant number of verses in the right of Ali (as) and his followers. Although his companionship with the ruler of Khorasan in suppressing the insurrection of the people, as well as the presence of some scholars in the court of the rulers, can be considered, but the news of the proposal of hadithism in the interests of the Abbasid is not correct and does not make his work. Though, according to some statements, he is a wounded and desolate figure. However, most of his hadiths are authentic, Shows that even if the offensive proportions are correct to him. It can still be said that the falsehood has not spread to his narrations. In addition, these ratios are commonly found in sources related to different religions and less in the sources of tragedy and history. On the one hand, his works, which are the most illustrative documents, are indicative of his ambition, science and commitment. Therefore, in order to issue a final verdict, it is worthy to see its prominent role in the defense of the Qur'an and religious culture. A fragment of evidence from the nature of his hadith character is: Having the best honors like Sadeqin (AS), Zahak, Attieh, Mojahed and Atta Having firstdegree students such as Abdul Razzaq San'any and Hasan ibn Populi About Abdul Razaq and his high degree of science and credibility is that: If he is an apostate, his hadith will not be lost. Hasan ibn Mahboub is a Shia preacher who claims to be a consensus about jurisprudence, science, and correcting Sahih alSind's narratives. The existence of the same narrations or copies and evidence in the communities and resources of the Hadith of the Persian Gulf Existence of evidence and correspondence to the conspiracy of the Islamic Republic of Iran reinforces and corrects the narrations and narrations. The fact that it is related to the traditions of the sacrifices is very frequent, it is also a sign of the authenticity of the theme of his narrations. The presence of Moghatel in the commentary of Ali ibn Ibrahim Qomi Ali ibn Abraham is safe. Many scholars have accepted his claim for interpretation in his commentary. In his commentary, he has repeatedly narrated Moghatel.        The presence of martyrs in Shi'a hadith scriptures Some scholars especially Akhbariyan, such as Sheikh Horrameli, believe in the authenticity of the publication of newspapers, And it is narrated from the verses in the repeated verse. 4      Conclusion: Although heavier charges are related to the hadith, the investigations show that many accusations against him which he thought and acted within the framework of Sunni beliefs because of the belief in similitude, form, falsehood, and intimacy, The rulers and the installation of Ahl alBait (AS), even on the condition of the correctness of the relationship, do not harm his narrations. The only proportions that prove to be in it are the lack of full adherence to the way the narrators are in the tradition and scientific pride that is no longer the case. 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